نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، گروه حقوق عمومی و بین الملل، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی

2 دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی

چکیده

با توجه به‌ضرورت اقدام حقوقی در جهت حمایت از دانش و طب سنتی، در عرصه بین‌المللی تلاش‌هایی در جهت جلوگیری از استفاده­ غیرمجاز و تثبیت مالکیت کشورها بر این دانش صورت پذیرفته است. یک از کلیدی‌ترین و درعین‌حال چالش‌برانگیزترین سازوکارهای پیشنهادی الزامات افشا است  بر اساس این پیشنهاد، متقاضیان ثبت اختراع باید در صورت استفاده از دانش سنتی و بومی در ابداعاتشان، نام تأمین‌کننده و منشائی که از طریق آن به دانش دست‌یافته‌اند را افشا کنند و گواهی دال بر اجازه برای چنین استفاده­ای و تعیین نحوه­ تقسیم عادلانه منافع را ارائه کنند. پرسشی که این مقاله درصدد بررسی آن خواهد بود  این است که الزامات افشا تا چه اندازه می‌توانند حمایت مؤثر از دانش و طب سنتی را فراهم آورد و با سرقت زیستی مقابله کند؟ همچنین، با توجه به پیشنهاد کشورهای درحال‌توسعه برای درج الزامات افشا از طریق موافقت‌نامه راجع به جنبه‌های مرتبط با تجارت حقوق مالکیت فکری و سند بین‌المللی حمایت از دانش سنتی در سازمان جهانی مالکیت فکری، این مقاله در ادامه به بررسی فرایند و چالش‌های پیش رو تصویب این پیشنهاد در این اسناد می‌پردازد.

تازه های تحقیق

-

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Role of Disclosure Requirements in Providing Effective Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Medicine

نویسندگان [English]

  • mehdi zahedi 1
  • Mohammad Hossein Erfanmanesh 2

1 Associate Professor of Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, IRAN

2 PhD Candidate in Public Law of Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, IRAN

چکیده [English]

Due to the need for legal action to protect traditional knowledge and medicine, efforts to prevent unauthorized use and to consolidate the possession of the owner countries on this knowledge have been made in the international arena. One of the key and most challenging proposed mechanisms for protection of traditional knowledge and medicine is disclosure requirements through the sui generis system of traditional knowledge protection. According to this proposal which targets misappropriation of traditional medicine through patent applications involving the utilization of traditional knowledge, patent applicants would be required to disclose the country providing such resources, and to provide relevant information regarding compliance with prior informed consent and access and fair and equitable benefit.
The question that this Article tries to examine is to what extent the disclosure requirement could provide effective protection for traditional medicine and prevent biopiracy? Also, as it is proposed that these requirement to be incorporated in TRIPS Agreement within World Trade Organization and draft articles for protection of traditional knowledge in World Intellectual Property Organization, this Article will analyses the process and challenges of both proposals.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • "Disclosure"
  • "Knowledge"
  • "Medicine"
  • "Consent"
  • "Terms"
-         سند ملی گیاهان دارویی و طب سنتی، شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی (1392) ص 8.
احمدی مریم، کوشا ابوطالب، «بررسی تعارضات میان حق بر سلامتی و دسترسی به دارو و حق بر مالکیت فکری و راه‌کارهای مقابله با آن در پرتو موافقت‌نامه جنبه‌های تجاری حقوق مالکیت معنوی (TRIPS)»، فصلنامه داروهای گیاهی، شماره 2، (1390).
-         پیلتن فرزاد، «رژیم حقوقی حل‌وفصل اختلافات در سازمان جهانی تجارت»، دانشنامه حقوق و سیاست، شماره 17 (1391).
-         شهاب‌الدین، علی؛ عزیزی، ناصر؛ مومنی راد، احمد؛ «حمایت از تنوع زیستی و دانش سنتی در نظام جهانی مالکیت فکری»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، پاییز و زمستان 1392، شماره 49.
-         حبیبا سعید، معتمدی غلامرضا، «حمایت از دانش سنتی در عرصه ملی و بین المللی»، مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، شماره 74، (1385).
-         غلام دخت سمیرا، زاهدی مهدی، «بررسی ایجاد بستر مناسب حمایت از طب سنتی در نظام حقوق مالکیت فکری» فصلنامه حقوق پزشکی، دوره ۷، شماره ۲۴، (۱۳۹۲).
-         فتحی زاده امیر هوشنگ، رجبی خاصوان جلال، حسن نژاد مجید، «حمایت از دانش سنتی در پرتو مقررات موافقت‌نامه تریپس در سازمان جهانی تجارت»، پژوهشنامه بازرگانی، شماره 71، (1393).
English Sources
 -WIPO, “Glossary of Key Terms Related to Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions”, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/32/INF/7, (2016).
-WHO, Quality Assurance of Pharmaceuticals: A Compendium of Guidelines and Related Materials, Vol 2, 2nd edn, (Geneva: WHO Publication, 2007).
-Tshibangu KC, “Assessment of effectiveness of traditional herbal medicine in managing HIV/AIDS patients in South Africa”, East African Medical Journal, No. 81(2004).
-Graz B, Kitua AY, Malebo HM, “To what extent can traditional medicine contribute a complementary or alternative solution to malaria control programmes?”, Malaria Journal, No. 10(2011).
-Tovey P, “Patient Assessment of Effectiveness and Satisfaction With Traditional Medicine, Globalized Complementary and Alternative Medicines, and Allopathic Medicines for Cancer in Pakistan”, Integrative Cancer Therapies, No. 4(2005).
-Dwyer L, “Biopiracy, Trade and Sustainable Development”, Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy, No. 19, (2008).
-Dutfield G, Intellectual Property, Biogenetic Resources, and Traditional Knowledge, (London: Earthscan, 2004).
-WTO, “Draft Decision to Enhance Mutual Supportiveness between the TRIPS Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity”, TN/C/W/59, (2011).
-De Werra J, “Fighting Against Biopiracy: Does the Obligation to Disclose in Patent Applications Truly Help?”, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, No. 42(2009).
-Kuruk P, “Regulating Access to Traditional Knowledge and Genetic Resources: The Disclosure Requirement as a Strategy to Combat Biopiracy”, San Diego International Law Journal, No. 17(2015).
-Trotti John L., “Compensation Versus Colonization: A Common Heritage Approach to the Use of Indigenous Medicine in Developing Western Pharmaceuticals”, Food and Drug Law Journal, No. 56 (2001).
-Timmermans Karin, “Intellectual Property Rights and Traditional Medicine: Policy Dilemmas at the Interface”, Social Science & Medicine, No. 57(2003).
-Heather A Sapp, “Monopolizing Medicinal Methods: The Debate Over Patent Rights for Indigenous Peoples”, Temple Journal of Science, Technology & Environmental Law, No. 25(2006).
-Dutfield G, “Thinking Aloud on Disclosure of Origin”, Occasional Paper 18, Quaker International Affairs Programme (2005).
-WTO, “Article 27.3(b): Relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the CBD, and the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Folklore”, IP/C/W/434, (2004).
-WTO, “Review of Article 27.3(b) of the TRIPS Agreement, and the Relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the CBD and the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Folklore — “A Concept Paper”, IP/C/W/383, (2002).
-WTO, “The Relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the CBD and the Protection of Traditional Knowledge” IP/C/W/356, (2002).
-WTO, “The Relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the CBD and the Protection of Traditional knowledge”, IP/C/W/403, (2003).
-WTO, “The Relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Protection of Traditional Knowledge: Technical Observations on Issues Raised in a Communication by the United States”, IP/C/W/443, (2005).
-WTO, “Report of the Meeting Held on 24-25 November 1997”, WT/CTE/M/16, (1997).
-WTO, “Minutes of Meeting Held in the Centre William Rappard on 17-19 September 2002”, IP/C/M/37/Add.1, (2002).
-WTO, “Minutes of Meeting Held in the Centre William Rappard on 21 and 22 September 2000”, IP/C/M/28, (2000).
-WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC)
-WTO, (2005) “Minutes of Meeting Held in the Centre William Rappard on 1-2 December 2004”, IP/C/M/46
-WTO, “Minutes of Meeting Held in the Centre William Rappard on 21 September 2004”, IP/C/M/45, (2004).
-WTO, “Minutes of Meeting Held in the Centre William Rappard on 5-7 March 2002”, IP/C/M/35, (2002).
-WTO, “Article 27.3(b), Relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the CBD, and the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Folklore”, IP/C/W/469, (2006).
-WTO, “Background and the Current Situation”, (2011), available at <http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/art27_3b_background_e.htm> accessed 1 April 2016.
-WTO, “Article 27.3(b), the Relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the CBD, and the Protection of Traditional Knowledge”, IP/C/W/400/Rev.1, (2003).
-WTO, “The Relationship between the TRIPS Agreement, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Protection of Traditional Knowledge — Amending the TRIPS Agreement to Introduce an Obligation to Disclose the Origin of Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge in Patent Applications”, IP/C/W/473, (2006).
-WTO, “Report on Issues Related to the Extension of the Protection of Geographical Indications Provided for in Article 23 of the TRIPS Agreement to Products other than Wines and Spirits and Those Related to the Relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity”, WT/GC/W/633, (2011).
-De Carvalho NP, “Requiring Disclosure of the Origin of Genetic Resources and Prior Informed Consent in Patent Applications Without Infringing the TRIPS Agreement: The Problem and the Solution”, Washington University Journal of Law and Policy, No. 2, (2000).
-Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Genetic resources and growth—TRIPs and CBD—how to improve access and benefit sharing without stifling agricultural development and innovation, (Melbourne: APEC, 2009).
-Blakeney Michael, Proposals for the Disclosure of Origin of Genetic Resources in Patent. Applications, (London: Queen Mary Intellectual Property Research Institute, 2016).
-Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp, 382 U.S., (1965).