نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
دانشآموختۀ دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران.
چکیده
پس از صدور حکم ورشکستگی، کلیۀ اختیارات و حقوق مالی ورشکسته که استفاده از آن در تأدیۀ دیون او مؤثر باشد، به ارگان تصفیه منتقل میشود. یکی از وظایف این ارگان، دریافت مطالبات ورشکسته است. ازجمله مطالبات ورشکسته، میتوان به مطالبات مالی زوجۀ ورشکسته از زوج اشاره کرد؛ همانند مهریه (اعماز مهرالمسمی، مهرالمثل و مهرالمتعه) یا نفقه، اجرتالمثل؛ تنصیف دارایی در صورت درج شرط در نکاح و همچنین رجوع از هدایا یا فدیه در طلاق خلع و مبارات. بنابراین، باید بررسی شود آیا مدیر یا ادارۀ تصفیه، مکلف به مطالبۀ این طلبها ازجانب زوجه به طرفیت زوج است یا خیر؟ برخی از حقوق اگرچه واجد رنگوبوی مالی نیز هستند؛ اما به سبب ارتباط آنها با شخصیت فرد، امکان قائممقامی دیگران در این حقوق محدود است. ازسوی دیگر، این حقوق با نهاد خانواده مرتبط هستند و چگونگی استفاده از آنها میتواند در روابط زناشویی و استحکام خانواده مؤثر باشد؛ ازاینرو، ممکن است اجرای آنها با تردید همراه باشد. در این مقاله که با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و با بهرهگیری از منابع کتابخانهای نگاشته شده، قائممقامی ارگان تصفیه نسبت به برخی از مطالبات زن از همسرش پذیرفته شده و درمورد برخی دیگر مردود تلقی شده است.
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Possibility of Collecting Financial Claims of a Bankrupt Wife from the Husband by Bankruptcy Liquidation Authorities
نویسنده [English]
- muhammadmahdi hamidi
Ph.D. in Private Law, Qom University, Qom, Iran.
چکیده [English]
The aim of this research is to analyze the scope of bankruptcy liquidation authorities' powers in collecting a bankrupt wife’s financial claims from her husband. According to bankruptcy law, once a judgment is issued, all the bankrupt person's financial rights are transferred to the liquidation body to meet obligations. This raises the question: Can the liquidation authority, as the legal representative, collect financial rights arising from the marital relationship—such as dowry, arrears or ongoing alimony, compensation for the marital period, asset division, compensation in cases of khula or mubarat divorce, and return of refundable gifts?
The research distinguishes between the wife’s purely financial rights and her personal rights, using Imamite jurisprudence and Iranian civil and commercial law. The goal is to identify when the liquidation authority can collect financial claims, and when such claims are linked to the wife’s personal identity or family integrity, preventing collection. This study seeks to provide a framework that ensures fairness between bankrupt creditors and the protection of the family unit.
Methodology
The research uses a descriptive-analytical approach, collecting theoretical data from reliable sources such as laws, regulations, judicial opinions, jurisprudential works, and academic research. The study then uses content analysis and logical reasoning to examine the legal and jurisprudential aspects of liquidation authorities collecting financial claims from a bankrupt wife. The findings are presented in an inductive and comparative manner to clarify the scope of these authorities' powers and distinguish between transferable and non-transferable financial rights in the context of a female merchant’s bankruptcy.
Findings
Dowry**: If the dowry is a specific item, it belongs to the wife and can be seized. If it is a generic item not yet delivered to the wife, the liquidation authority can collect it from the husband.
Ownership of Dowry**: Upon marriage, the wife gains ownership of the dowry, though half of it is precarious and returns to the husband in case of divorce. If the wife declares bankruptcy and a divorce occurs after, the dowry, if specific, is considered lost, and the husband must account for half its value in creditor distribution. If the dowry is a generic good and undelivered, the husband must give it to the liquidation authority and claim half its value in the creditors’ pool.
Mahr al-Mithl, Mahr al-Mut'ah, and half of the husband's assets, if the conditions are met, can be claimed by the bankruptcy authorities, if conditions are met.
It is not possible for the liquidation authority to collect Ujrati-l-Mithl and Nafaqah on behalf of the wife, as these rights are linked to her personal identity. The liquidation authority cannot act as a representative in these matters; moreover, practically and evidentially, collecting them on behalf of the wife is also difficult.
Khula or Mubarat Divorce**: In these cases, compensation paid by the bankrupt wife is invalid. If the husband received such compensation, he must return it to the liquidation authority. If reconciliation is still possible, the husband can reverse the divorce. If the waiting period has passed, the compensation becomes part of the creditors’ pool.
Gifts Given by the Husband**: After the wife’s bankruptcy declaration, the husband cannot reverse any gifts given to her.
Gifts Given by the Wife**: If gifts from the wife to the husband are significant, such as a house, they can be reversed by bankruptcy authorities. Otherwise, gifts that don’t substantially impact debt settlement cannot be reclaimed.
Innovations
Combining Bankruptcy Law and Wife’s Financial Rights**: This research integrates the seemingly separate legal areas of bankruptcy and the financial rights of the wife, offering a new framework to understand the collection of financial claims by liquidation authorities.
Distinguishing Financial and Personal Rights**: The study clearly differentiates between financial rights (like dowry and alimony) and personal rights (like family-related rights), which are crucial when dealing with a bankrupt wife’s claims. This distinction informs the legal limitations and authorizations of liquidation authorities.
Jurisprudential and Legal Analysis**: The research combines jurisprudential principles with legal analysis, showing how Imamite jurisprudence can be applied to bankruptcy law in Iran, facilitating a comparative understanding of Iranian civil law, commercial law, and jurisprudence.
Structured Framework for Collecting Financial Rights**: This study proposes a structured framework for determining which financial rights can be collected by the liquidation authority. This framework can serve as a practical guide for judges and bankruptcy authorities handling similar disputes.
Case-Specific Study of Bankruptcy**: The findings are based on a comparative, case-specific approach, offering new insights into bankruptcy claims, particularly regarding specific dowry, compensation, and gifts in divorce cases.
Legal and Ethical Barriers**: The research examines legal and ethical barriers that prevent the liquidation authority from acting as a representative for certain claims. These include social and ethical concerns tied to the wife’s personal and family identity.
Balancing Creditors’ Rights and Family Integrity**: This research seeks to balance the protection of bankrupt creditors’ rights with the need to preserve the integrity of the family and protect the wife’s personal rights. It aims for a fair and just approach within Iranian law.
Conclusion
This study analyzes the possibility of collecting a bankrupt wife’s financial claims from her husband through the liquidation authorities. It differentiates between financial claims (such as dowry and asset division) that can be collected, and personal rights (like arrears of alimony) that cannot be collected due to their connection with the wife’s identity and family relations. The research emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between financial and non-financial rights, particularly in cases of khula or mubarat divorce, and the return of refundable gifts.
The study outlines legal and ethical barriers to liquidation authorities’ involvement in cases where rights are closely tied to the wife’s personal identity. It provides a practical framework to determine which financial rights are collectible, contributing to the regulation of bankruptcy law and promoting fairness between creditors and the protection of family integrity. This framework can assist judges and
bankruptcy authorities in resolving disputes, ensuring a balance between creditors’ economic rights and the preservation of family dignity.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- bankruptcy
- bankrupt wife
- wife's claims
- limits of the powers of the liquidation office
- civil personality
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