نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• مصطفی السان ¹
• علی آقایاری ²
• لیلا نجفی زاده ³

¹ دانشیار دانشکدۀ حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

² دکترای حقوق خصوصی، کارشناس حقوقی و کنسولی وزارت امور خارجه

³ دانش آموختۀ دکترای حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

چکیده

دعوای خانوادگی، ازجمله دعاوی شایع میان ایرانیان، چه در داخل و چه در خارج از کشور به‌شمار می‌رود. برای اتباع ایرانی  که در کشورهای دیگر زندگی می‌کنند، دسترسی به دادگستری کشور ایران یا بهره‌مندی از ساز‌و‌کارهایی که بتوانند خدمات حقوقی از ایران دریافت کنند، در مواردی خاص اهمیت پیدا می‌کند؛ به‌ویژه در موضوعاتی نظیر طلاق و جدایی از همدیگر، که ممکن است یکی از زوجین تمایل داشته باشد از نظام حقوقی ایران برای طلاق استفاده کند. بدیهی است که سخت‌گیری‌های غیرضروری -از حیث قوانین شکلی و ماهوی و رویه‌های متفاوت- منجر به محرومیت افراد از حقّ دادخواهی یا سوق دادن آنان به نظام‌های قضایی دیگر شود. قانون حمایت خانواده، سازوکار غیرقضایی را برای طلاق ایرانیان خارج از کشور، پیش‌بینی کرده است. بااین‌حال، دادگاه‌های ایران درمورد تنفیذ و شناسایی آرای طلاق صادره از دادگاه‌های خارجی رویکردی سخت‌گیرانه دارند؛ ازاین‌رو، ضرورت دارد شرایط و موانع چنین نهادهایی مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. در پایان مقاله، به این موضوع پرداخته شده است که بهره‌گیری از دادرسی الکترونیکی می‌تواند دسترسی شهروندان ایرانی به دادگستری داخل کشور را تسهیل کند و امکان رسیدگی قضایی به دعوای طلاق را فراهم سازد. روش تحقیق در این مقاله، توصیفی‌-تحلیلی است و گردآوری داده‌ها، ازطریق فیش‌برداری صورت گرفته است؛ بدین معنا که اطلاعات به‌دست‌آمده از مطالعات، مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته و در تحلیل مسائل از رویه‌های قضایی، آرای دادگاه‌ها و قوانین و مقررات مرتبط، استفاده شده است. رهیافت نوشته حاضر این است که هرچند در «قانون حمایت خانواده» و «بخشنامۀ ارائۀ خدمات کنسولی» (ناظر بر دستورالعمل انجام خدمات کنسولی در نمایندگی‌ها)، کوشش شده تا تشریفات مربوط به طلاق ایرانیان خارج از کشور تا حدودی کاهش بیابد و فرایندها شفاف‌سازی شود، اما این اقدامات، همچنان با چالش‌های عملی متعددی روبه‌رو هستند. طولانی شدن فرایند، در مواردی خاص ممکن است برخی از اتباع ایرانی را از مراجعه به قانون و دادگاه‌های داخل کشور منصرف سازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• ایرانیان خارج از کشور
• تنفیذ و اجرای رأی
• طلاق
• قانون حمایت خانواده

موضوعات

• حقوق خصوصی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Challenges and Issues of Divorce for Iranians Living Abroad with Emphasis on Judicial Practice

نویسندگان [English]

• Mostafa Elsan ¹
• Ali Aghayari ²
• Leila Najafizadeh ³

¹ Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University,Tehran,Iran

² PhD in Private Law, Legal and Consular Expert at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

³ PhD in Private Law, Department of Law, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University,Urmia,Iran

چکیده [English]

Family disputes are one of the most common disputes among Iranians both inside and outside the country. For individuals who are Iranian citizens living in other countries, access to the Iranian judiciary or access to mechanisms that allow them to receive legal services from Iran becomes important in certain cases. Especially in the matter of divorce and separation, there is a possibility that one of the spouses may want to use the Iranian legal system for divorce. It is obvious that unnecessary strictness (in terms of formal and substantive laws and different procedures) can pave the way for deprivation of access to justice or to refer to other judicial systems.
In addition, the Family Protection Act provides for a non-judicial mechanism for divorces of Iranians abroad. The recognition and enforcement of divorce decisions issued by foreign courts is also an issue that Iranian courts deal with strictly, and it is necessary to examine the conditions and obstacles of such institutions. Finally, the article discusses the issue that using electronic litigation can facilitate Iranian citizens' access to the Iranian judiciary and enable judicial review of divorce cases.
The research method of this paper is descriptive. Given the theoretical nature of the research, the method of collecting field data will not be relevant, and due to the technical and legal approach of the research, the method of collecting data will be library-based; however, an attempt will be made to use judicial practice, court decisions, and related customs in analyzing the issues and topics.
Divorce and separation from each other are one of the problems of Iranians abroad, and most of Iran's missions abroad are involved in and related to such issues. In this regard, considering the legal gaps that exist, we see in practice that these shortcomings cause dissatisfaction among people when referring to the missions.
According to Articles 6 and 7 of the Civil Code and Articles 12 and 13 of the Constitution, divorce-related lawsuits are part of personal affairs and are generally subject to the law of the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, when considering the lawsuits, the court must take into account the law of the spouses' country of origin in the divorce proceedings.
Divorce, due to its specific formalities, is in a way within the jurisdiction of domestic courts. In cases where a divorce decision is issued by foreign courts, this decision needs to be ratified by Iranian courts. Therefore, if the decision issued by the foreign court is against the substantive laws of Iran, such a decision will not be enforceable in Iran.
Of course, in Iran, the personal status of non-Muslims (such as Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians) is subject to the regulations of their own religion, based on the Civil Code and some specific laws. From Article 7 of the Civil Code: It follows that non-Muslim citizens are usually subject to the specific regulations of their own religion, except in cases where Iranian law provides otherwise. In addition, according to Article 13 of the Constitution, Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian Iranians are officially recognized as religious minorities and follow their religious regulations in personal matters (marriage, divorce, inheritance, etc.). At the same time, if the religious regulations of non-Muslims conflict with Iranian public law (such as public order or good morals), Iranian courts will refuse to ratify and, consequently, enforce such rulings.
In this paper, we will try to examine the jurisdiction of domestic courts over claims of Iranians abroad, the solutions provided by the legislator and the existing procedures in the representations of the Islamic Republic of Iran in dealing with divorce claims of couples abroad, and, given the increasing development of electronic litigation, we will present the necessary solutions for further progress of our country's legal system. This article examines the "Challenges and Issues of Divorce of Iranians Living Abroad with an Emphasis on Judicial Procedure" in four sections as follows: Divorce of Iranians Living Abroad: Substantive Regulations and Competent Court (Section One), Identification of Foreign Divorce Decisions in Iran (Section Two), Non-Judicial Mechanisms of Divorce of Iranians Living Abroad (Section Three), and Electronic Proceedings of Divorce of Iranians Living Abroad (Section Four), and finally, the conclusion and related suggestions are presented.
The approach of this paper is that although the Family Protection Act and the Consular Services Provision Circular (regarding the instructions for providing consular services at the embassy) have attempted to reduce or clarify the divorce procedures for Iranians abroad to some extent, this measure still faces numerous practical challenges, and the lengthy process, in some cases, discourages Iranian citizens from referring to Iranian law and courts.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Divorce
• Iranians abroad
• Family Protection Law
• Enforcement and Execution of the Decision