نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• علیرضا باریکلو ¹
• علیرضا آذربایجانی ²
• حسن امیدوار ³

¹ استاد تمام پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

² استاد یار پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

³ دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی واحد پردیس بین الملل ارس دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

کارکرد حقوق قراردادهای معاصر از کارکرد کلاسیک ‌که بر اصل نسبیت قراردادی و منافع طرفینی متمرکز بوده  ، فرا‌تر شده؛  به‌طوری‌که تحقق اهداف اجتماعی که عمدتاً ناظر بر حفظ امنیت رابطه حقوقی و اعتماد عمومی  ، تنظیم بازار با سه رویکرد متفاوت،-سیاست اعتماد به بازار و دخالت حداقلی، سیاست تبادلی  و دخالت استثنایی ، و سیاست قواعد کارآمد ، و اقتصادی  را شامل است..  با این حال رویکرد صحت انگاری حقوق ایران، به معامله به قصد فرار از دین،  علاوه بر عدم کارایی، تأمین عدالت قضایی را با مشکل مواجه کرده ، زیرا متعهد با انعقاد چنین معامله‌ای، عملاً از خود سلب توان مالی می‌کند و درنتیجه تعهد سابق او مطابق مقررات اعسار غیرقابل اجرا می‌شود. این وضعیت از جهتی موجب ضرر طلبکارانی است که به اعتماد اموال مدیون معامله مدت‌دار کرده‌اند و از طرف دیگر، موجب بهره‌مندی غیرمشروع معامله‌کننده از حمایت‌های  قانونی می‌شود، که مغایر با اهداف  حمایتی قانون است. لذا در این مقاله ، به روش توصیفی – تحلیلی،  از منظر کارکرد حقوق قراردادهای معاصر ، رویکرد حقوق قراردادهای ایران به معامله به‌قصد فرار از پرداخت دین بررسی،  و ثابت شد که  که به علت فقدان کارایی مناسب،  باید مورد بازنگری قرار گیرد .
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

• اصل صحت قرارداد
• اصل امنیّت رابطة حقوقی
• اصل نسبیّت قرارداد
• فرار از پرداخت دین
• معامله

موضوعات

• حقوق خصوصی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Transaction with the Purpose to Escape Debt Payment from Perspective of the General Goals of Contract Law

نویسندگان [English]

• alireza bariklou ¹
• Alireza Azarbaijani ²
• Hasan Omidvar ³

¹ Assistant Professor, Department of Private Law, University of Tehran,Tehran,Iran

² Retired Assistant Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law, University of Tehran (Farabi Campus)

³ PhD student in Private Law, University of Tehran, Aras International Campus Branch

چکیده [English]

The function of contemporary contract law goes beyond its classical function, which focused on the principle of contractual private and mutual interests. So that the function of contract law is to achieve social goals that are mainly to protect the security of legal relationship and necessity of debts payment, and not to harm others, the market regulation function whose main purpose is to support the market institution with three different approaches, -the self-reliance policy and minimal intervention, the transactional policy and exceptional intervention to finding the best solution to prevent the party from escaping the transaction, and the functional policy. Also, economic goals based on specific and case by case strategy such as the relief of hardship policies and general strategy such as economic planning policy of general rules to increase economic social welfare.
A transaction with the intention of escaping from religion is a legal act that has caused difficulties in ensuring judicial justice, because the obligee by concluding such a transaction practically deprives himself of financial power and as a result, his previous obligation becomes non-binding according to the provisions related to debt.On the one hand, this situation causes losses to the creditors who have entered into a long-term transaction with the debtor's property in trust, and on the other hand, it causes the trader to benefit unjustly and illegitimately from the legal protections of the debtors, because according to the legal philosophy of these protection provisions, assistance is to the real debtors who themselves did not voluntarily expose them to debt, not those who use these protections as a means to escape from their obligations.In addition, the prevalence of this type of transaction, which leads to the appearance of a transaction without a composition, which is known as a formal transaction, and also the conclusion of a transaction without the intention of implementation, leads to the justice of the law of contracts and the provision of judicial justice, facing a problem in the subject law. to be The explanation of the issue is that the status of any contract can be examined in two stages: First, it is in the identification and legitimizing stage, in which the contract is evaluated in terms of social interests and general goals of contract law. If the transaction was in accordance with the goals of the basic principles, it will be recognized in the structure of the rights of the contracts, otherwise it will be declared prohibited. For example, Gharari transactions are not recognized in Islamic law, because it is against the goals of the basic principles. If a deal in this stage is in accordance with the underlying principles, it will be accepted and then it will be the second stage of its validation in the relations of the parties and in a case-by-case manner, whether the concluded contract has the correctness conditions? Therefore, the compliance of the transaction with the general rules and goals of contract law is referred to as legitimacy, and its non-compliance is referred to as illegitimacy and its compliance with superstructure rules, and its non-compliance is referred to as "nullity". It is worth remembering that although many books and articles have been written about this, but all of them have analyzed the issue from the point of view of validity and invalidity, while this article examines from the point of view of the legitimacy of the principle of the transaction, which according to the principle of respecting the rights of creditors, the trust of the Muslim market. And the social benefits and the need to resolve the conflict, has he considered such a deal as legitimate? In Iran's contract law, "transaction with the intention of evading debt payment" has become a legal problem in contractual relations, because on the one hand, in Article 218 of the Civil Code, such a transaction is considered valid and valid, and on the other hand, in the criminal regulations, It can be prosecuted under the title of fraud and other criminal titles. In this article, in an analytical-descriptive method, while rethinking and deepening the principles of contract law and distinguishing the superstructure and underlying principles, the status of this transaction was investigated in accordance with the basic principles of contract law, i.e. the principles from which the rules governing contracts are adapted.The main question of the current research is, what is the legal status of the transaction with the intention of avoiding debt payment from the perspective of the basic principles of contract law? It seems that the invalidity of this transaction is considered from the point of view of Sharia, because it brings consequences such as harming the creditor's income, depriving the Muslim market of confidence and increasing contract disputes, all of which are considered illegitimate according to Shari'a arguments
Therefore, in this article, in accordance with the general goals and function of contemporary contract law, in a descriptive-analytical manner, the Iranian contract law approach to the transaction with the purpose to escape debt payment was examined and it was proved that this transaction is not compatible with any of these goals so it is necessary to be changed.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Principle of Contract Validity
• Principle of Security of Legal Relationship
• Principle of Contract Privacy
• Escaping Debt Payment
• Transaction