نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

2 16th St, 2nd Bime St,

چکیده

چکیده
بکارگیری شروط حل‌اختلاف چندمرحله‌ای در قراردادهای تجاری بسیار متداول است. در این شروط مراحل مختلف شیوه‌های جایگزین حل اختلاف با داوری یا دادرسی قضایی ترکیب می‌شوند. توافق یا رای حاصل از مراحل پیش از داوری یا دادرسی قضایی نظیر نظریه کارشناس یا فرد میانجی غالبا برای طرفین الزام‌آور نیست. با توجه به همین ویژگی مهمترین سوالی که مطرح می‌گردد این است که آیا تحمل همه مراحل مندرج در این شروط برای طرفین الزامی می‌باشد یا خیر؟ و برای الزامی شدن مراحل پیش از داوری یا دادرسی قضایی وجود چه شرایطی لازم است؟ در این پژوهش دو نظر متفاوت در این زمینه تشریح و دلایل هر کدام از این نظرات مورد بررسی قرار می‌گیرند. با تطبیق رویه اتاق بازرگانی بین‌المللی،دادگاههای انگلستان و سایر کشورها شرایط لازم جهت اجباری تلقی شدن مراحل پیش از داوری یا دادرسی قضایی روشن می‌گردد.یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که در صورت وجود شرایط لازم شامل الفاظ الزام‌آور، تبیین دقیق هر یک از مراحل و وجود حسن‌نیت در طرفین مراجع قضایی و داوری طی مراحل مندرج در شرط را به ترتیب مورد توافق طرفین الزامی می‌دانند. به عقیده نگارندگان همین نظر مطابق با اصل آزادی قراردادها و صحیح می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Nature and Effect of Multi-tier dispute resolution Clause in Contracts.

نویسندگان [English]

  • laya joneydi 1
  • Ayyoub Mansouri Razi 2

1 Law school, university of tehran , tehran

2 16th St, 2nd Bime St,

چکیده [English]

Abstract:
Usage of Multi-tiered dispute resolutions clauses in commercial contracts , in particular long-term contracts is very common. Theses clauses comprise different stages of ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) with Arbitration or litigation. Agreement or decision made in these pre-arbitral or pre-litigation stages such as the mediator`s opinion are not binding upon the parties. So the issue is if it is mandatory for parties to follow all steps contemplated in these clauses or not? And what makes these pre-arbitral or pre-litigation steps binding? In this article different relevant opinions will be illustrated. Through comparative studying the case law of ICC, English courts and other countries requirements for pre-arbitral or pre-litigation steps will be illustrated. It is concluded that parties agreement has a binding nature and arrangement must be followed as provided in these clauses and requirements that make different tiers of these clauses as enforceable are clarified. Findings show that if relevant requirements including Usage of binding words,exact drawing of each step and parties` good faith are met, judicial and arbitral authorities take agreed steps in these clauses as binding. In authors` opinions this practice which is in consistent with the principle of freedom of Contracts is correct.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Key words
  • Arbitration
  • Mediation
  • International Chamber of Commerce
  • Multi-tired dispute resolution Clause
جعفری ندوشن، شهاب، «تأثیر شروط چندگزینه‌‌ای و اسقاط حق طرح ادعا بر صلاحیت مراجع حل اختلاف معاهده‌‌ای در دعاوی سرمایه‌‌گذاری خارجی»، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق عمومی، شماره 49 (1394)، صص 37-56.
جعفری ندوشن، شهاب، «رسیدگی‌های موازی در دعاوی سرمایه‌‌گذاری خارجی و روش‌های مقابله با آن»، مجله حقوقی دادگستری، سال 77، شماره 84 (1392)، صص 41- 68.
جنیدی، لعیا،  اجرای آرای داوری بازرگانی خارجی، (تهران: انتشارات شهر دانش، چاپ سوم، 1392).
حاتمی، علی و کریمیان، علی، حقوق سرمایه‌‌گذاری خارجی در پرتو قانون و قراردادهای سرمایه‌‌گذاری، (تهران، انتشارات تیسا، چاپ دوم، 1394).
شیروی، عبدالحسین، حقوق تجارت بین‌‌الملل، (تهران، انتشارات سمت، چاپ 6، 1392).
Belohlavek, Alexander J. Rome Convention-Rome Regulation, (New York, juris publishing, 2010).
Bhomawat, Dishi; “Multi-Tier Dispute Resolution Clauses in Contracts- With special focus on Entertainment and Construction Contracts”, International Journal of Research and Analysis, Vol. 1, 1ssue 3, (2014), pp 40-61.
Blomgren Binghan, Lisa; Nabatchi, Tina; Senger, M Jefferey and Jackman,Michael Scott; “Dispute Resolution and the Vanishing Trial: Comparing Federal Governing litigation and ADR outcomes”, OHIO State journal dispute Resolution, Vol. 24: 2, (2009). pp 225-262.
BORN, Gary and Marija ŠĆEKIĆ. Chapter 14: Pre-Arbitration Procedural Requirements. ‘A Dismal Swamp’ in CARON, d. David et al. Practicing Virtue: Inside International Arbitration. (London: Oxford University Press, 2015).
Carrell, Alyson., “An ADR Clause by any Other Name Might Smell as Sweet: English`s High Court Of Justice Queens Bench Attempts and Fails to Define What is not an Enforceable ADR Clause”, journal of Dispute Resolution, issue 3. Article 12, (2003), pp 547-563.
Erlank, wian; “Enforcement of Multi-tiered Dispute Resolution Clauses”, (2003), pp 30-31, available at at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1491027 (last visited: July 12, 2016)
Frank, Robert and Loulakis, Michael C.; Design- Build Contracting Handbook, (New York, Aspen publishing, 2001).
Garbarino,Carlo and Lombardo, Marina. “Tax Treaties: Building Bridges between Law and Economics”, (Netherland: IBFD Publishing, 2010).
Garimella, Sai Ramani and Siddigui, Nizamuddin Ahmad. “The Enforcement of Multi-Tiered Dispute resolution Clauese: Contemporary Judicial Opinion”, IIUM Law Journal, Vol. 24, No1, (2016), pp 157-191.
Georges, Marc, “Multi-Tiered Clauses; Effectiveness and Enforceability”, Eurasia Arbitration Journal, No 1, (2015), pp 1-27.
Halket, Thomas D. Arbitration of International Intellectual Property disputes, (New York: Juris Publishing, 2012).
Hatami, A &Karimiyan. E (2014), Foreign Investment Law:Investment Act and Contracts,Teesa Publication,Tehran. [In Persian]
Jafari Nedoushan. Sh & Sadeghi Moghadam.M.H.(2016),The Effect of "Fork in the Road" and on Jurisdiction of Investment Treaty Arbitral Tribunal in Foreign Investment Disputes, QJPL,17(49),37-56. [In Persian]
Jafari Nedoushan. Sh.(2013), Parallel Proceedings in Foreign Investment Disputes and Preventing them, JLJ , 77(84) ,41-69. [In Persian]
Jenkins, Jane and Stebbings, Simon; International Construction Arbitration Law, (Netherland: Kluwer Publishing, 2006).
Jimenes Figures, Dyala, “Multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses in ICC Arbitration”, ICC Bulletin, Vol. 14, (2003), p 71-88.
Jolles Alexander, “Consequences of Multi-tier Arbitration Clauses: Issues of Enforcement”, Arbitration Journal, Vol 72, No 4, (2006). P 329-338.
Joneydi,L.(2013), Enforccement of Foreign Commercial Arbitral Award, Tehran, The S.D,Institte of Law. [In Persian]
Kartsivadze, Linda. “Jurisdiction of Arbitral Tribunal on The Grounds of Multi-Tiered Dispute Resolution Clause”, LLM Thesis, Central European University, (2010).
Kayali. Didem. “Enforceability of Multi-Tiered Dispute Resolution Clauses”, Journal of International Arbitration, Vol 27 (6), (2010), pp 551 – 577.
Klaus, Peter Berger, “Law and Practice of Escalation Clauses”, Arbitration International Journal, vol 22, No. 1, (2006), pp 1-18.
Klintworth, Tim K; “The Enforceability of an Agreement to Submit to a Non-Arbitral Form of Dispute Resolution: The Rise of Mediation and Neutral Fact-Finding”, Journal of Dispute Resolution, Issue 1, Article 10, (1995), pp 181-195.
Krauss, Oliver, “The Enforceability of Escalation Clauses Providing for Negotiation in Good Faith Under English Law”, Mcgill Journal of Dispute Resolution, Vol. 2, (2015-2016). pp 143-165.
Mecar, Marko. “Enforceability of Multi-Tiered Clauses Leading to Arbitration”, Hungary, Central European University, department of Legal studies, (2015).
Moens, Gabriel A and Evans, Philip, “Arbitration and Dispute resolution in the Resources Sector: An Australian Perspective”, (Switzerland: Springer, 2015).
Moser, Michael, Managing Business Disputes in Today`s China: Duelling With Dragons, (Netherland: Kluwer Law international, 2007).
Pryles, Micheal, “limits to party Autonomy in Arbitral Procedure”, Journal of International Arbitration, Vol. 24 (3), (2007), pp 327- 339.
Pryles, Micheal, “Multi-Tiered Dispute Resolution Clause”, Journal of International Arbitration, Vol 18, No 2, (2001), pp159-176.
Shiravi, A.(2014), International Trade law,Samt Publication, Tehran. [In Persian]
Tevendale Craig; Ambrose, Hannah and Naish, Vanessa, “Multi-Tier Dispute Resolution Clauses and Arbitration”, Turkish Commercial Law Review, Vol. 1, (2015), pp 31-40
Tochtermann, Peter, “Agreements to Negotiate in the Transnational Context-Issues of Contract Law and Effective Dispute Resolution”, Uniform Law Review, Vol 13, Issue 3, (2008), pp.687-708.
Trevor Cook; Grrcia, Alejandro, International Intellectual Property Arbitration, (Netherland: Kluwer publisher, 2010).
Webster, Thomas H; Buhler, Michael, Handbook of ICC Arbitration: Commentary, Precedent, Materials, (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2014).