Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

In the realm of commercial trade, it is a common practice that sellers and buyers
manifest their intentions to conclude the contract of sale through different
communications and correspondence. The parties may exchange forms and
general terms prepared invariably in advance for all contracts. There may be a
conflict between the buyer’s and the seller’s forms. Thus, when a dispute arises
between the parties, the main question is whether a contract has been
concluded, even though there are conflicting terms. If the answer is positive, a
further question is: What are the terms of this contract?
By considering circumstances and conduct of the parties, on the whole, after the
exchange of the forms, it can be said that there is a valid contract. A viable
solution is to disregard the conflicting terms, and instead, to consider provisions
of the law governing the contract. When CISG is the law applicable to the sale
contract, its provisions may well be used to fill the gaps after conflicting terms
are ruled out.

Keywords

 
- کاتوزیان، ناصر( 1385 )، قانون مدنی در نظم حقوقی کنونی، چاپ چهاردهم، تهران، نشر
 
-Dimatteo, Larry A.,(2005), International Sales Law, an Analysis of CISG
Jurisprudence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-Garner, Bryan ,(2004), Blacks Law Dictionary, St. Paul, Thomson West.
-Honnold, John O., Flechtner, Harry M. ,(2009), Uniform Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention, 4th Revised Edition, Hague,
Kluwer Law International.
-Schlechtriem, Peter, Butler, Petra, (2009), UN Law on International Sales,the
UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods, Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-
Verlag.
-Barid ,Douglas G. ,(2000), «Commercial Norms and the Fine Art of the Small
Con: Comments on Daniel Keatling’s Exploring the Battle of the Forms in
Action», Michigan Law Review, Volume 98, Issue 8.
-Brown, Caroline N., ( 1991), «Restoring Peace in The Battle of The Forms: A
Framework for Making Uniform Commercial Code Section 2-207 Work», North
Carolina Law Review, Volume 69, Issue 3.
-Davis, John Henry, (1973-1974), «in Defense of the Battle of Forms: Curing
the First Shot Flaw in Section 2-207 of the Uniform Commercial Code», Notre Dame Lawyer, Volume 49, Issue 2.
-Eiselen, S. ,(2011), «Requirement for the Inclusion of Standard Terms in
International Sale Contracts», Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal, Volume
-Gabriel, Henry D. , (1993-1994), «Battle of the Forms: A Comparison of the
United Nations Convention for the International Sale of Goods and the Uniform
Commercial Code», Business Lawyer (ABA), Volume 49, Issue 3.
-Garro, Alejandro M. ,(1995), «Gap-Filling Role of the UNIDROIT Principles
in International Sales Law: Some Comments on the Interplay Between the
Principles and the CISG», Tulane Law Review, Volume 69, Issue 5.
-Keatling, Daniel ,(2000), «Exploring the Battle of the Forms in Action»,
Michigan Law Review, Volume 98, Issue 8.
-Kelso, J. Clark ,(1983), «United Nations Convention on Contracts for the
International Sale of Goods: Contract Formation and the Battle of Forms»,
Colombia Journal of Transnational Law, Volume 21, Issue 3.
-McMahon, Anthony J.,(2006), «Differentiating between Internal and External
Gaps in the U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: A
Proposed Method for Determining Governed by in the Context of Article 7(2)»,
Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Volume 44, Issue 3.
-Moccia, Christine ,(1989-1990), «United Nations Convention on Contracts for
the International Sale of Goods and the Battle of the Forms», Fordham
International Law Journal, Volume 13, Issue 4.
-Rasmussen, Robert k. ,( 2000), «Lawyers, Law, and Contract Formation:
Comments on Daniel Keatling’s Exploring the Battle of the Forms in Action»,
Michigan Law Review, volume 98, Issue 8.
-Rosh, Robert M. ,( 1990), «Demilitarizing the Battle of the Forms: A Peace
Proposal», Columbia Business Law Review, Volume 1990, Issue 3.
-Ruhl, Giesela ,(2003), «Battle of the Forms: Comparative and Economic
Observations», University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, Volume 24, Issue 1.
-Stemp, Kevin C.,(2005), «Comparative Analysis of the Battle of the Forms,
Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems», Volume 15, Issue 1.
-Stephens, Corneil A., (2007), «Escape from the Battle of the Forms: Keep It
Simple Stupid», Lewis and Clark Law Review, Volume 11, Issue 1.
-Vergne, Francois ,(1985), «Battle of the Forms under the 1980 United Nations
Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods», American Journal of Comparative Law, Volume 33, Issue 2.
-Viscasillas Maria del Pilar Perales, (1998), «Battle of the Forms under the
1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for The International Sale of
Goods: A Comparison with Section 2-207 UCC and The UNIDROIT
Principles», Pace International Law Review, volume 10, Issue 1.
-Viscasillas, Maria Del Pilar Perales, (2002), «Battle of the Forms, Modification
of Contract, Commercial Letters of Confirmation: Comparison of the United
Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
with the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL)», Pace International Law Review, volume 14, Issue 1.
-Wildner, Kaia ,(2008),« Art. 19 CISG: The German Approach to the Battle of
the Forms in International Contract Law: The Decision of the Federal Supreme
Court of Germany of 9 January 2002», Pace International Law Review, Volume
-The Principles of European Contract Law, 2002.
-UNIDROIT (International Institute for the Unification of Private Law)
Principles of International Commercial Contracts, 2010.
-United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980).
-Uniform Commercial Code, 2004.
-Schlechtriem, Peter, Battle of Forms in International Contract Law, Evaluation of
Approaches in German Law, UNIDROIT Principles, European Principles, CISG; UCC
Approaches under Consideration, Available at <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/
biblio/Schlechtriem5.html> 2011/12/15.
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code#Section_2-207:_Battle_of_the_ forms> 2013/04/23.