Abolfazl hedayati mahbob; Mohammad Hassan Asadi
Abstract
In Iranian law and in accordance with Article 14 of the new Criminal Procedure Code, losses resulting from a crime are divided into material, spiritual and possible profits. This Code has made a significant change to some rules on civil liabilities. Having said that, it may be criticized on the ...
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In Iranian law and in accordance with Article 14 of the new Criminal Procedure Code, losses resulting from a crime are divided into material, spiritual and possible profits. This Code has made a significant change to some rules on civil liabilities. Having said that, it may be criticized on the ground that it excludes the compensation caused by crimes leading to mulct (Diyah) and authoritative legal Ta’zir from the full compensation principle without providing a comprehensive definition for spiritual losses and without proposing an accurate definition and example for authoritative legal Ta’zir. Claim for spiritual and possible profits losses leads to authoritative legal Ta’zir. Mulct shall happen in cases in which the sentence is not a financial loss and its compensation is sentenced to be non-financial. The limitation applied by Note2 in Article14 does not include the lost profits in crimes against properties and hence it can be claimed. The authoritative legal Ta’zir instances, based on Narratives, may not include losing possible profits, and in crimes causing retaliation, Haad (punishment by lash), non-authoritative legal Ta’zir of possible profits and spiritual losses, it will be claimed. According to Article14 of new Criminal Procedure Code, the legislator refers to compensation for spiritual losses in a material or other ways.
Ali Ansari; seyed mortaza shahidi; hassan azarniyush
Abstract
In accordance with the definition of Article 1 of the Securities Market Act, a commitment is a third party's commitment to purchase securities that have not been sold within the deadline. The publisher intends to transfer the various risks involved in the filing process to a trusted one. In this way, ...
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In accordance with the definition of Article 1 of the Securities Market Act, a commitment is a third party's commitment to purchase securities that have not been sold within the deadline. The publisher intends to transfer the various risks involved in the filing process to a trusted one. In this way, the underwriting contract is the role of insurance finance in the supply of securities. Given the existing methods in the capital markets of different countries to conclude an accrual contract, this contract can have a different legal nature. In selected capital markets, the obligee accepts the acquisition of securities, while in the capital market of Iran, the ownership of the securities is not transferred to the obligated issuer. By concluding the contract, the publisher will be obliged to enter into a secondary contract. Subject to the obligation contained in this contract, the intention of the parties in the form of a contract cannot be accepted. Unlike the current method in the capital market in the selected countries, this type of commitment creates a personal relationship and covenant between the parties and there is no transfer of ownership involved.
Abbas Ehzari; Mahmood Bagheri
Abstract
Un-organized capital market has existed for a long time; however, the Organized market has emerged in recent centuries. There are a lot of discussions about the extent of monitoring and control over the Un-organized capital market, particularly the market in which investors are referring to the public. ...
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Un-organized capital market has existed for a long time; however, the Organized market has emerged in recent centuries. There are a lot of discussions about the extent of monitoring and control over the Un-organized capital market, particularly the market in which investors are referring to the public. In this research, we seek to explain the concept of un-organized capital market by identifying the features of its distinction with its corresponding entity (i.e. un-organized money market). Therefore, by conducting a comparative study under the U.S. law and the comprehensive examination of the un-organized capital market’s situation in Iran, it was found that in a general sense, over the counter market is consistent with un-organized capital market, and that there have been major changes to rules and regulation in this area. Iran Fara Bourse has been established on the basis of High Council and Securities and Exchange Organization’s license as the sole over the counter in Iran, but the organized structure of this company and procedure of its transactions, which is very similar to stock exchange, have particularly led to distinguishing the Fara Bourse from the concept of OTC. This has caused the regulation of the unorganized capital market to encounter many problems.
Mohammadreza Pasban; SeyedHadi Farokhi; Ahmad BeygiaHabibabadi
Abstract
Equity firms have been emerging economically more than other firms in the legal and economic areas. Given the fact that the majority of the people in the society can be regarded as the members of these firms in various ways, they have enjoyed great satisfaction with the majority of the people. The present ...
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Equity firms have been emerging economically more than other firms in the legal and economic areas. Given the fact that the majority of the people in the society can be regarded as the members of these firms in various ways, they have enjoyed great satisfaction with the majority of the people. The present study aims to evaluate the minority shareholder's rights in the context of the decomposition of joint stock firms, as well as the related effects and judgments in the legal system of Iran and England. The study of the two legal systems indicates that, unlike English law, there is no specific provision regarding the decomposition of commercial enterprises, especially non-governmental organizations. In addition, based on English law, there are appropriate provisions for protecting minority shareholders, particularly in the case of corporate analysis. However, as far as Iran law is concerned, there are a few provisions in favor of a minority shareholder and the necessary support for a minority shareholder has been considered in the trade bill. Therefore, comparing the laws and regulations of the two countries can lead to many challenges and ambiguities in mergers and divisions of joint stock companies
ali taghizade; amirpouya rashidi
Abstract
For the first time in the history of Iranian law, the Family Court in Wright as a special court was created by virtue of Family Protection Act of 19/02/2013. It should be noted that the drafting and approval of clear and unambiguous rules are necessary as much as the creation of such a court. One ...
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For the first time in the history of Iranian law, the Family Court in Wright as a special court was created by virtue of Family Protection Act of 19/02/2013. It should be noted that the drafting and approval of clear and unambiguous rules are necessary as much as the creation of such a court. One of the most important issues in this regard is the inherent jurisdiction of the Family Court as an exclusive court, and hence the legislator has a duty to set up clear and effective rules accordingly. However, the legislator has not taken an appropriate approach in this regard, since on the one hand, the scope of the jurisdiction of this court contains a number of issues not relating to family affairs, and on the other, important family issues have not been considered within the jurisdiction of the Court. This article has found that the method of verbal interpretation does not propose a solution to this problem. Therefore, by considering that the process of law reform is time-consuming and could lead to uncertainties, this article seeks a solution for the interpretation of hermeneutics in order to clarify the suitability of family law.
Rouhollah Rezaei; Ebrahim Abdipour Fard; Esmail Nematollahi
Abstract
Breach of contract may occur by the fault of party in breach. There is a variety of degrees in contractual fault and the highest degree of fault is intentional one. The breach of contract is considered to be intentional when the party in breach calculates the financial costs and benefits of the breach ...
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Breach of contract may occur by the fault of party in breach. There is a variety of degrees in contractual fault and the highest degree of fault is intentional one. The breach of contract is considered to be intentional when the party in breach calculates the financial costs and benefits of the breach and then decides not to perform his/her contractual obligations. The notion of intentional breach and its consequences are recognized in common law and civil law and also in some European instruments such as PECL and DCFR. The intentionality of breach is considered to be relevant in above jurisdictions and instruments. For example, in the case of intentional breach, common law courts allowed the specific performance. They sometimes refused to mitigate the amount of penalty clauses and to recognize the exemption clauses in favor of the breaching party. Also, in civil law jurisdictions the intentional breach works as an allowance for unforeseeable damages. The hypothesis of this contribution is that in the case of intentional breach, courts must take a stricter approach than the usual breach and they should seek to improve the position of the creditor in terms of accessing to contractual remedies.
Seyed Ghasem Zamani; vahid bazzar
Abstract
In international investment law, the investor's negligence is considered to be a factor which affects the determination the amount of reparation. Thus, if a causal relationship is established between the investor's conduct and the damage, the amount of claimable damage will be reduced in accordance with ...
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In international investment law, the investor's negligence is considered to be a factor which affects the determination the amount of reparation. Thus, if a causal relationship is established between the investor's conduct and the damage, the amount of claimable damage will be reduced in accordance with the role of the investor in the damage. This rule, which can always be used against the respondent, is concerned with the determination of the amount of reparation after assuming responsibility. The duty to mitigation as one of the aspects of "injured party’s negligence" refers to a situation in which an investor refuses to prevent extension of damage after creation of damage and despite its ability. The proof of the investor's negligence is, contrary to the current procedures, with the defendant. It does not affect the jurisdiction of the arbitration tribunal or the responsibility of the host state and can only lead to a reduction in the amount of reparation. Third party participation or force majeure in creation of the damage cannot be the basis for applying the "injured party’s negligence" rule. This is also the case when the international community is considered to be an injured party or when the investor's negligence is the sole cause of damage.
Majid Sarbaziyan; reza hashemi; mazkoor salehi
Abstract
The national courts’ intervention in the arbitration process is inevitable if the trial is expected to be significantly efficient. The national courts should solely intervene in arbitration process if they are legally permitted to do so. The importance of anti-suit injunction is observed in international ...
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The national courts’ intervention in the arbitration process is inevitable if the trial is expected to be significantly efficient. The national courts should solely intervene in arbitration process if they are legally permitted to do so. The importance of anti-suit injunction is observed in international commercial arbitration, since it serves a dual function, that is, it is sometimes issued to support arbitration and sometimes to prevent arbitration. Therefore, it is necessary to address this question: “What are the positions of national legal systems and international rules/regulation regarding the anti-suit injunction?” National courts in the common law system tend to issue such injunctions based on arbitration agreements. By contrast, such injunctions are treated by the codified statutes as unjustified intervention in the judicial system. In international set of rules, such as UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, New York Convention and Brussel I Regulations on EU Law all have not granted permission to national courts to issue anti-suit injunctions. As far as Iranian law is concerned, there is no statutory provision on the permissibility of issuing the aforementioned injunction in the civil procedure and in international commercial arbitration
Ebrahim Shoarian Sattari; Roya Shirin Beigpour
Abstract
A breach of an obligation is the requirement for imposing a contractual liability in all legal systems. Such a breach could be dealt with by a series of remedies such as specific performance, termination of the contract and claim for damages. These remedies could be relied upon concurrently as far as ...
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A breach of an obligation is the requirement for imposing a contractual liability in all legal systems. Such a breach could be dealt with by a series of remedies such as specific performance, termination of the contract and claim for damages. These remedies could be relied upon concurrently as far as they are cumulative in nature. Nevertheless, in some circumstances the adequacy of these remedies is in doubt to address such breaches and bad faith. In order to deal with such situations, some international instruments such as UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC), the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and also the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) have established some specific rules and imposed different and greater liability for breaching contractual obligations or bad faith in order to support the other party and have a deterrent role. In other words, the aggrieved party is not limited to anticipated damages, or in some cases it is possible to demand punitive damages. This article, through a comparative analysis, attempts to examine whether the same rules could apply under Iranian law or not.
Mohsen Ghasemi
Abstract
Distribution agreements, as the main element of distribution law, are the efficient legal instruments that play an essential role in the process of supplying goods and some services to the markets and selling them to final consumers. The distribution network resulting from the conclusion of these types ...
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Distribution agreements, as the main element of distribution law, are the efficient legal instruments that play an essential role in the process of supplying goods and some services to the markets and selling them to final consumers. The distribution network resulting from the conclusion of these types of contracts has tangible advantages over the traditional "commercial agency". However, since it also has negative anti-competitive effects and creates situations such as the economic dependence of distributors on suppliers, a special legal system has been set up to govern this category of contracts in Western countries. By contrast, in Iranian law, distribution contracts are not well-known, and despite the effectiveness of the general rules of contracts in civil law in determining the conditions of the validity of these types of contracts, the new system of competition law in Iran has shortcomings in this area. This article examines the common rules for formation of these contracts in the light of rules of competition law. In doing so, it conducts an analytical and comparative study under French law, European law and Iranian law in order to provide the necessary theoretical basis for the development of a comprehensive system of such contracts in Iran.
Mostaffa i mohaghegh ahmadabadi; homayoon rezaeinejad
Abstract
When a debtor does not perform his monetary obligation، there is no doubt that the creditor should be compensated. Nevertheless, the main question is what type of compensation should be provided. While in some cases, parties agree to a certain amount for damage, in some other cases, the interest is ...
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When a debtor does not perform his monetary obligation، there is no doubt that the creditor should be compensated. Nevertheless, the main question is what type of compensation should be provided. While in some cases, parties agree to a certain amount for damage, in some other cases, the interest is defined as a legal interest by the law. Also in some occasions, damage is based on and limited to the inflation rate. The stipulated interest is qualified as usurious and is prohibited. The legal interest permits usurious agreements and hence, it has been abolished. Besides, inflation rate encounters with some problems, that is, it almost does not completely compensate the creditors. Thus, Iranian legal system and the jurisprudence have never achieved reasonable coherence in this case. In this article, the main question is about proper damages for late payment and it deals with question of whether domestic monetary depreciation will suffice. It seems that in the absence of legal interest, it is possible to apply the mechanism of judicial interest by which the full compensation will be fulfilled and the problem of usurious contracts could be avoided.
