Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Professer, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Social Science, University of Tabriz, Iran

2 Research Assistant in Private Law, Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Social Science, University of Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

One of the most pivotal and practical subjects of contract law is whether one may dispose of his or her contractual obligations through the issuance of negotiable documents. This article focuses on the issuance of such instruments as a cheque in the performance of monetary obligations when the issuance is dishonored. In fact, the question is whether the issuance and delivery of such instruments convert a civil law obligation into an obligation arising from the issuance of negotiable instruments or whether it is possible to rely upon the original obligation with all its guarantees and consequences. The statutes are silent on the matter. Scholars and jurisprudence are divided. This article comparatively examines various legal systems and international instruments like UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts and the Principles of European Contract Law, and by relying on the general principles enshrined in Article 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure, concludes that the better approach is the one that subscribes to the survival of the original obligations. It is hoped that this comparative study can set a model for our future legislative initiatives.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Abdipour Fard, Ebrahim, Commercial Law (Commercial Papers), Vol 3,  (Tehran: Majd, 1398). [In Persian]
Akhlaghi, Behrooz; Emam, Frhad, UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2010, (Tehran: Shahre Danesh, 1396). [In Persian]
Asgharzadeh, Abbas & others,»the nature of issuance and signing of commercial documents«, Psychology and Educational Sciences Law and Social Science at the beginning of Third Millennium, (1395). [In Persian]
Bahrami, Bahram, Applied Commercial Law, (Tehran: Negaheh Bayeneh, 1399). [In Persian]
Collection of rules and regulations of civil procedure, Vol. 1, (Tehran: Presidential Legal Assistant Pub., 1394). [In Persian]
Ejtehadi, Abbas & Others, Excerpt Cases from Legal Views, (Tehran: Mizan, 1374). [In Persian]
Eskini, Rabia, Commercial Law (Bill of Exchange, Promissory Note, Warrant, Bearer Bonds and Cheque), (Tehran: Samt, 1398). [In Persian]
Emamverdi, Mohammad Hassan, »The Civil Natureology of the Ordinary Check Issuance in Iranian Law«, Civil Jurisprudence Doctrines, Vol. 12, (1394). [In Persian]
Hatamipour, Mohsen; Nosrati, Naser, Tehran Pro. Courts Case Law, Commercial Instruments, (Tehran: Ashkan pub. 1400). [In Persian]
Jafari-Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar, Mabsoot Dictionary Terms of Law, Vol 2, (Tehran: Ganjeh Danesh, 1395). [In Persian]
Jafaritabar, Hassan, The philosophical basis of legal interpretation, (Tehran: Enteshar Publication Co, 1383). [In Persian]
Joneydi, Laya; Shariatinasab, Sadegh, »A separation Description in Iranian law with Emphasis on Case Law«, Law Quarterly, Journal of Law & Political Science, Vol. 43, No. 1, (1392). [In Persian]
Katouzian, Nasser, Civil Law, General Theory of Obligations, (Tehran: Mizan, 1390). [In Persian]
Katouzian, Nasser, General Principles of Contracts, Vol 4, (Tehran: Enteshar Publication Co, 1394). [In Persian]
Katouzian, Nasser, Philosophy of Law, Vol 2, (Tehran, Enteshar Publication Co, 1390). [In Persian]
Kavyani, Koorosh, The Law of Negotiable Instruments, Vol 3, (Tehran: Mizan, 1398). [In Persian]
Masoudi, Babak, »Principles governing Commercial Instruments«, Journal of Bar Association, No. 171, (1379). [In Persian]
Nikfarjam, Kamal, »Transaction of Commercial Instruments & Novation«, Judicial Law Views Quarterly, No 32-33, (1383). [In Persian]
Nobakht, Yousef, Judicial Thoughts, (Tehran: Keyhan Pub., 1376). [In Persian]
Ole, Lando & Hugh, Beale, et al. (eds), Principles of European Contract Law,  (Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2000).
Revised collection of applicable legal rules and regulations, , Vol. 5, (Tehran: Judiciary Press and Publishing Center, 1396). [In Persian]
Sanhouri, Abdolrazzq, The Mediator in Explaining the New Civil Law, Vol. 3, (Beirut: Revival of Arabic heritage House, 1958). [In Persian]
Seghri, Mohammad, Commercial Law, Instruments, Vol 1, (Tehran: Enteshar Publication Co, 1394). [In Persian]
Shahidi, Mehdi, Civil Law: Termination of obligations, Vol. 5, (Tehran: Majd Pub, 1390). [In Persian]
Shiva razavi, Kazem, Cheque transfer, (Gilan: 1348).
Shoarian, Ebrahim; Rahimi, Farshad, International Sales Law (Commentary on the CISG from the Perspective of Doctrine and Case Law, A Comparative Study under International Instruments and Iranian Law). (Tehran: Shahreh Danesh, 1395). [In Persian]
Sotoudeh Tehrani, Hassan, Commercial Law, Vol. 3, (Tehran: Dadghostar, 1395). [In Persian]
Tangestani, Mohammad Ghasem, Report of A scientific Meeting on How to Document Legal Principles in Judicial Proceedings in Iranian Law, (Tehran: Press and Publication Center of the Judiciary, 1400). [In Persian]
Beatson, J. & Others, ANSON’S Law of Contract, (Oxford University Press, 2016).
Bianca, Cesare Massimo, Diritto civile, Vol 3, (Giuffre, 2019).
Bonell, Michael, Joachim, The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts and the harmonization of international sales law, (36 R.J.T. 335, 2002,).
 Brödermann, Eckart, UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts: An Article-by-Article Commentary, (Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2018).
Chitty, Joseph, Chitty on Contracts: General principles (Vol 2), (London, Sweet & Maxwell, 2012).
Treitel, G.H., Law of contract, (London, Sweet & Maxwell, 2015).
Tyree, Alan, Banking Law in Australia, (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2017).
UNCITRAL, HCCH and UNIDROIT Legal Guide to Uniform Instruments in the Area of International Commercial Contracts, with a Focus on Sales, (U.N. Pub., 2021).
Vogenauer, Stefan; Kleinheisterkamp, Jan, (eds), Commentary on the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), (the USA: Oxford University Press, 2014)