MOJTABA SHAFIEI; QODARZ EFTEKHAR JAHROME
Abstract
Propagation is one of the things imaginable about property. In this case, instead of the ownership of the property in general, it belongs to one person, two or more persons own the property. In the case of distribution, the ownership of the partners is in all components, so that each part of the property ...
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Propagation is one of the things imaginable about property. In this case, instead of the ownership of the property in general, it belongs to one person, two or more persons own the property. In the case of distribution, the ownership of the partners is in all components, so that each part of the property that is considered is shared by all partners, and no partner can have any exclusive claim against the part of the property. The question is, does one of the partners have the right to rent the property to another? There are two general points in this regard and it is accepted in Iran's law following the famous jurisprudence of the Imams. There is also a controversy in Egyptian law, but in the end, the rights of this country, with a decree, have been passed to the acceptance of the theory of the rentier rentals Is. However, both in the doctrine and in the judicial system of the country, there are sometimes opposing views on the inaccuracy of mortgage lease. In the present article, the concept of hire-rent, the basics of admission, has been investigated.
Parviz Ameri; Habib Talebahmadi; Ali Rezaee; Erfan Khosravani
Abstract
Passenger transportation by sea is more than other modes by considering of safety and cost. Due to this large volume, the codification of international rules and conventions were required. In this regard, the first convention was drafted in 1961 under the Brussels Rules. This convention was not welcomed ...
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Passenger transportation by sea is more than other modes by considering of safety and cost. Due to this large volume, the codification of international rules and conventions were required. In this regard, the first convention was drafted in 1961 under the Brussels Rules. This convention was not welcomed by the states and therefore the 1974 Athens Convention was envisaged. In order to increase the carrier's liability and to provide more protection to the passenger, this convention completely changed the basis and extent of liability contained in the Brussels Convention. However, the evolution of regulations of air transportation has led governments to change the rules governing to passenger transportation by sea. After several unsuccessful attempts, the 2002 London Amendment Protocol was finally incorporated into the Athens Convention. This protocol intensified the carrier's liability. This article examines the changes made to the Athens Convention and the London Amendment Protocol and reasons of these changes. Finally, it will be seen that the basis of liability has been changed to absolute and the reason of these changes is unification with the rules governing to air transportation of passenger. According to these developments, the changing of the internal regulations governing maritime passenger transport is necessary.
Saeed Haghani; Marzieh Hakimi Rad
Abstract
while illustrating and critically studying a valuable court judgment on the Lex Contractus, we try to show how Iranian courts are unfamiliar with conflict-of-law methodology. In the judgment issued by 18th chamber of Tehran Appeal Court on November 30, 2017, the Court considers the case to be governed ...
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while illustrating and critically studying a valuable court judgment on the Lex Contractus, we try to show how Iranian courts are unfamiliar with conflict-of-law methodology. In the judgment issued by 18th chamber of Tehran Appeal Court on November 30, 2017, the Court considers the case to be governed by Article 980 of Iranian Civil Code, a the general rule relating to Lex Contractus. Based on the finding that the contract was concluded in Germany and given the fact that German BGB recognizes a 3 years prescription for contractual allegations, the Court dismissed the case. We endeavor, throughout aforesaid final judgment, to illustrate how conflict-rule-based mindset may work in a judicial process. In this regard, this we analyze the judgment into its very constituting element to illustrate the mistake committed by the Appeal Court. Although in this case the court has rightfully entered into conflict of law's wonderland, it failed to consider and apply renvoi provision. It is noteworthy that a proper application of renvoi in the said case would lead to the application of Iranian law to the merits. Undoubtedly such governance of Iranian law would be detrimental to Iranian defendant in the case.
fezzeh salimi; mohammad bagher parsapour
Abstract
One of the most important topics in the economic analysis of law is civil liability and the basis of civil liability is the most fundamental issue in analyzing the content of civil liability rules and the way that the legal system views these rules. There are two types of approaches to economic analysis ...
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One of the most important topics in the economic analysis of law is civil liability and the basis of civil liability is the most fundamental issue in analyzing the content of civil liability rules and the way that the legal system views these rules. There are two types of approaches to economic analysis of Basis of Civil Liability; economic analysis of traditional Foundations and tendency to new basis. Conventional foundations are fault-based liability theory and fault-free liability theory that in the legal literature, these are called fault theory and risk theory. In the general rules among traditional theories, by changing their lawsuits and their level of caution, either fault or strict liability can be effective. Market rights have generally accepted strict liability and the theory of market security. In the market rights, new foundations have been introduced because of inefficiencies of traditional foundations And because of their social capability, they are becoming more prominent in the legal literature of the world. The consequentialist basis are deterrence and distributive justice. This research is an analytical-descriptive study using library data in two topics.
Private Law
Mohammad Ali Hosseini; Ali Rezaee; Sirous Heidari; Hojjat Mobayen
Abstract
Abstract: Articles 454 and 455 of the Civil Code are ambiguous in terms of the examples of the "right of rescission", the examples of "the implied condition of prohibition of the customer in the assignment" and the meaning of the word "void"; however, the supreme court decision as a unified judicial ...
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Abstract: Articles 454 and 455 of the Civil Code are ambiguous in terms of the examples of the "right of rescission", the examples of "the implied condition of prohibition of the customer in the assignment" and the meaning of the word "void"; however, the supreme court decision as a unified judicial precedent No. 810 dated 24/06/2021is also vague and outside the scope of the lawsuits. A court has described the option of violation of the payment of installments and the delivery of the goods upon rescission as an implicit prohibition of the customer's assignment, and has ruled on the invalidity of the possessions and eviction. But in similar lawsuits, another court, from the terms of the same contract, did not describe such a concept, and with a different interpretation of the law, ruled against the seller. The supreme court emphasized the intent of the contracting parties in the case of the right to rescind the contract and return of goods sold, by commenting on an implicit matter, and did not comment on the legal status of the possession of the seller, and believes that the owner's right of priority does not invalidate the condition and the right of rescission against the return of the goods. While, according to the opinion of the majority of late and contemporary jurisprudents, deduced from Articles 454 and 455 of the Civil Code, the customer's right of assignment in the contractual right of rescission is dependent null. Thus, since the implicit matter of the return of goods sold and the request for eviction is based on the request for the cancellation of the assignment, the decision of the court is logically voidable.
syed hosein vaseghi; ghavam karimi; Mohamad Bagher Ameri nia
Abstract
The principle of prohibition of submitting a new claim in the appeal process is one of the governing principles in the court of appeals that is stipulated in Article 362 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Given the opposition between Articles 98 and 362 of the Code of Civil Procedure, it is essential to ...
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The principle of prohibition of submitting a new claim in the appeal process is one of the governing principles in the court of appeals that is stipulated in Article 362 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Given the opposition between Articles 98 and 362 of the Code of Civil Procedure, it is essential to effectively investigate the matter. In view of the French Code of Civil Procedure, the mentioned principle is compared in the Iranian and French legal systems. A comparative study of the two legal systems indicates that Article 564 of the French Code of Civil Procedure and the two subsequent Articles, after mentioning the said principle, specify the exceptions by pointing out the criterion. The criteria mentioned in similar instances can be generalized to reach a united criterion to be applied. After mentioning the said principle as an instance, Article 362 of the Iranian Code of Civil Procedure states the exception and asserts that the said instances cannot be taken as criteria and the instances under Article 362 of the Iranian Code of Civil Procedure should be viewed exclusively, judicial procedure has not reached the unity of procedure and the deficiency shall be amended through enacting appropriate regulations
omid rashidi; Eisa amini; rabia eskini
Abstract
Totally Arbitration is divided to Voluntary Arbitration Clause and Compulsory Arbitration Clause. Arbitration Clause as a rule Has Contractual Nature .If The Content Of Arbitration Clause For The Reason Ambiguity Has Been Needed To The Interpretation And Arbitrator To Intended Detection Of Common Intention ...
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Totally Arbitration is divided to Voluntary Arbitration Clause and Compulsory Arbitration Clause. Arbitration Clause as a rule Has Contractual Nature .If The Content Of Arbitration Clause For The Reason Ambiguity Has Been Needed To The Interpretation And Arbitrator To Intended Detection Of Common Intention Of The Parties ,Having No Alternative Must To Interpret Of The Content Of Arbitration Clause ,Upon The Principles And Rules of Interpretation Of Contract .But Legislator In Some Cases Imposed On Will Of The Parties Of Contract ,Accepted Of The Arbitration Clause Or Referring Of Claims To The Jurisdiction Of Arbitral Tribunal And Contractual Nature Of Arbitration Clause Has Been Extinguished Or Limitation .In These Cases If Content Of The Arbitration Clause Faced With Ambiguity And Necessitate Of Interpretation, Arbitrator Must Intended To Detection Of The Legislator Will ,Upon The Principles And Rules of Interpretation Of statutes And Discussion Of Detection Of Natural Will And Common Intention Is Ceased .In This Article Interim Of Making Clear Nature And Criterion Of Distinction Of The Compulsory Arbitration Clause ,Causes And Grounds Of Independent Arbitration Clause Necessity From Basic Contract Present By Application Analysis And State Of Some Cases In The Law Of Iran.
Iraj Babaei; Abbas Toosi; Morteza Torabi
Abstract
Private autonomy is one of the principles of human rights,according to which the individual freely exercises his will fully, in individual and social life. Imposing a duty on a person is just when it is based on the free choice of the individual. The principle of freedom of contract and its consequent ...
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Private autonomy is one of the principles of human rights,according to which the individual freely exercises his will fully, in individual and social life. Imposing a duty on a person is just when it is based on the free choice of the individual. The principle of freedom of contract and its consequent principle of contractual freedom,with respect to the will and liberties, is also rooted in the principles of human rights.Contractual freedom has traditionally emphasized the negative side of freedom,namely the non-interference and sanctity of contracts.The positive aspect of freedoms is the emphasis on the free development of different aspects of personality that require intervention. The question is,can private autonomy be considered a positive aspect of freedom and prevent the exploitation of the parties? In a comparative study of German and British law, we will see that the principle of private autonomy,relying on the right to self-determination, is seen as positive aspect of contractual freedom, which is an important basis for upholding fundamental human rights in support of the weaker party and countering unfair conditions. In Iranian law,this principle can be extracted by means of principles that override the negative aspect of contractual freedom and limit the essential as necessary.
Mohammad Ali Bahmaei; Mohammad Mahdi Asadi
Abstract
The third party funding in international arbitration (TPF), is a new and emerging phenomenon. Despite the variety of third-party finding arrangements for international arbitration, what is being studied is a new way in which a third-party funder, if his client wins, deserves an agreed amount with his ...
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The third party funding in international arbitration (TPF), is a new and emerging phenomenon. Despite the variety of third-party finding arrangements for international arbitration, what is being studied is a new way in which a third-party funder, if his client wins, deserves an agreed amount with his client, but failing, He has no right to refer to the client for the costs incurred. The purpose of this article is to describe and analyze the major challenges associated with using such a foundation. The validity and position of this phenomenon in the legal system of different countries , due to the lack of regulations, as well as The impact of some concepts , are the subject of discussion. On the other hand, the growing use of it requires that this phenomenon be quickly regulated, and provide clear answers to the issues and the major challenges surrounding it. Recognition of the challenges and solutions can help to identify and accept this entity in different countries, especially in Iran, and provide the ground for encouraging individuals to invest in this field, and ultimately, it strengthens the position of countries as the seat of international arbitration.
gholamreza Yazdani
Abstract
Abstract: Today in international arbitration tribunals also in international law the right to expropriate foreign investor property has been recognized as a legitimate right for the host state. In cases where the host government expropriates the property of the foreign investor, the question arises as ...
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Abstract: Today in international arbitration tribunals also in international law the right to expropriate foreign investor property has been recognized as a legitimate right for the host state. In cases where the host government expropriates the property of the foreign investor, the question arises as to the basis and in what manner the damages caused by the host government's breach of the investment contract should be assessed. So far, the legal doctrine has not given a definite answer to this question. The procedures of the International Arbitration Tribunals in this regard are different. Considering the various opinions given in the ICSID Arbitration Courts as well as the Iran-US Arbitration, the market price of the commodities seems to be the most acceptable basis for assessing damages. In practice, different methods have been proposed to achieve this price, which can be categorized into three methods, the comparative method, the profit-based method, and the result-oriented method. In fact, depending on the case and the type of goods, the Arbitration Tribunal chooses one of the three methods for assessing damages to a foreign investor.
Hadi Ghanbari bonab; Mohammad Mahdi Hajian; Abbas Kazemi najafabadi
Abstract
One of the most important issues in the field of exporting gas to the European union through the pipelines is understanding the market and the laws and regulations in the EU as well as the requirements of other countries in the face of these regulations. Analyzing the EU laws and then the laws and regulations ...
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One of the most important issues in the field of exporting gas to the European union through the pipelines is understanding the market and the laws and regulations in the EU as well as the requirements of other countries in the face of these regulations. Analyzing the EU laws and then the laws and regulations in Iran regarding the gas export and legal requirements for entering to the EU gas market are the main aims of this article.The results show that the EU Third Gas Directive 2009 forms the basis of the legal and contractual issues of the EU gas market which provide various legal guidelines, including ownership separation, third party access to the gas storage facilities, and Regulatory Bodies. Iran gas export laws are listed in the upper hand documents including General Policies of Iran in Energy sector, Iran Vision (2025), General Policies of the resistance economy and sixth five-year plan for Economics, Social and Cultural Development. Laws on Third Gas Directive regarding third Party Access to the Network, Tariff Regulation, Ownership and Transparency Completely applies on existing and future gas pipelines to EU Borders including Territorial Waters and Exclusive Economic zone between EU and third Countries including Iran.
Mahdi Hasanzadeh
Abstract
The Code of Civil Procedure In Article 120 has announced: the plaintiff is liable for damages to the litigant as a result of garnishment in the event of a final judgment against him, and in Article 323, the liability of the applicant for an interim injunction is determined if the plaintiff fails to file ...
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The Code of Civil Procedure In Article 120 has announced: the plaintiff is liable for damages to the litigant as a result of garnishment in the event of a final judgment against him, and in Article 323, the liability of the applicant for an interim injunction is determined if the plaintiff fails to file a lawsuit within the legal deadline or the plaintiff's claim be rejected. But the plaintiff's liability in other cases of cancellation of the garnishment or order needs to be reviewed and analyzed. Examination of the subject shows that, in addition to the issuance of a verdict against the plaintiff, in cases of issuance of a final lawsuit and failure to file a lawsuit within the deadline and termination of the garnishment appointment due to protest, fault and liability of the plaintiff is proven. However, in cases of cancellation of the garnishment or order due to rising up the cause of it, withdrawal of the applicant and removing the effect of the order by entrusting security, responsibility of the plaintiff depends on the outcome of the lawsuit.
Majid Bana’i Osku’i
Abstract
Complaining about the bankruptcy order is very important as it affects the rights of the interested parties. Before the issuance of unified judicial precedent No. 789 of the year 2019 of the General Board of the Supreme Court, there was doubt in the doctrine regarding the rule of special provisions of ...
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Complaining about the bankruptcy order is very important as it affects the rights of the interested parties. Before the issuance of unified judicial precedent No. 789 of the year 2019 of the General Board of the Supreme Court, there was doubt in the doctrine regarding the rule of special provisions of the Commercial Law to complain about the bankruptcy order, and in practice, there was no specific jurisprudence on how to invoke these articles. Although the subject of disagreement that created the aforementioned unanimity vote is the deadline for the third party's protest against the bankruptcy order, the said decision has only emphasized the validity of the articles of the Commercial Law, which inevitably, without studying the conflicting opinions, it is difficult to understand that the subject of the dispute is the binding of the third party's protest to the times specified in the law. In addition, the validity or invalidity of the provisions of this law was only one of the questions that were answered by issuing the above decision, however, there are still many other uncertainties regarding the interested parties and their inclusion in the parties inside or outside the lawsuit, whether absent or present in the preliminary hearing, the competent court, the origin, and deadline for filing a complaint against the bankruptcy order that have been tried in this article to give clear and convincing answers to the above questions and uncertainties.
Private Law
Mahmoud Kazemi; Hasan Ansari CHeshmeh fard
Abstract
The nature of the Mudarabah contract requires acceptance of benefit and loss at the same time, which has always been the concern of law and economics. The difference of opinion in the application of the guarantee condition in this contract and the different understanding of jurisprudence and its application ...
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The nature of the Mudarabah contract requires acceptance of benefit and loss at the same time, which has always been the concern of law and economics. The difference of opinion in the application of the guarantee condition in this contract and the different understanding of jurisprudence and its application in the law have limited the space for the effectiveness of Mudarabah. It seems that this dispute can be resolved in the context of the modern legal system and with the presence of the school of positivism, which has an emerging role in the subject laws, along with the generality of Muslim jurisprudence. In fact, the result of the interaction of the two schools is the reason for the implicit establishment of sovereignty that positivism refers to in the heart of the laws. This research reveals that the meeting place and the creation of disagreement in the discussion of guarantee conditions in Mudarabah, in line with the rules of the school of positivism, can be resolved by maintaining the ideals of legal and jurisprudential justice and economic efficiency. Therefore, the application of the law in attaching a new contract to Mudarabah is not necessary, and it is possible to explain the investment with the condition that the investor does not guarantee the damage to the capital in the form of identifying a new contract.
Abstract
Examining the Problems of priority the “Specific Performance” over “Termination of Contract” in Respect of Economic AbstractIncluding the fundamental question of the Economic Analysis of Law is problems of priority the specific performance over termination of contract that has ...
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Examining the Problems of priority the “Specific Performance” over “Termination of Contract” in Respect of Economic AbstractIncluding the fundamental question of the Economic Analysis of Law is problems of priority the specific performance over termination of contract that has occupied the minds legal and economic scientists. On the Legal Systems of Iran and America, these problems Subheadings the enforcement process, social norms, judicial error, jury trial, mitigation of damages and opportunism must be studied. Then, the solutions of mentioned problems in order to effective the provisions of Iranian Law in respect of economic outlook to Law. Of course, as a findings this article, mentioned problems is removed in two ways specialized approach to contract and the priority the specific performance and termination of contract based on their characteristic (ordinary, commercial and consumer contracts) or the internalization of external costs resulting from specific performance or termination of contract and process of settlement of contractual disputes can be resolved which will be discussed during article. the aim of this article, analysis of the above problems by adopting a comparative approach and Proposals for the reform of legal regulations of Iran in field of remedies of contracts.
banafshe mazloom torshizy; Golam Nabi Fayzi Chakab
Abstract
Liability for damages is one of the effects of salvage for salvor and is considered a negative factor for his motivation. Along with other protective rules,limitation of liability can be an effective way to determine a possible liability. Maritime law does not allow the limitation of the salvor's liability, ...
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Liability for damages is one of the effects of salvage for salvor and is considered a negative factor for his motivation. Along with other protective rules,limitation of liability can be an effective way to determine a possible liability. Maritime law does not allow the limitation of the salvor's liability, but one of the innovations of the 1976 Convention on the limitation of liability in maritime litigation is the possibility of limiting the salvor's liability. Among the major principles of accepting the salvor's limitation of liability is freedom of will, the need to reduce insurance risk, and provide sufficient motivation for him, and increase the confidence to continue the salvor activity.Limitation of liability can be achieved through agreement. Proof of intent and recklessness with the knowledge that the injured party has entered the loss is one of the obstacles to invoking the limitation of liability. Due to the fact that due to the implementation of the reservation provided in the 1976 Convention, the implementation of its provisions in the country is not possible in all cases, it is necessary to amend the provisions of maritime law in order for the salvor to benefit from the limitation rules.
Mohammed Mejd Kabry; Azam Ansari
Abstract
Determining the grounds of exclusive jurisdiction in private international disputes is extremely important. However, there is no international uniform criterion for determining the grounds of exclusive jurisdiction. Thus, different legal systems have adopted various approaches to determine their courts' ...
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Determining the grounds of exclusive jurisdiction in private international disputes is extremely important. However, there is no international uniform criterion for determining the grounds of exclusive jurisdiction. Thus, different legal systems have adopted various approaches to determine their courts' exclusive jurisdiction. While a few legal systems have explicitly specified the subject matters falling within their courts' exclusive jurisdiction, the other legal systems such as the Iranian legal system have not determined the grounds of exclusive jurisdiction. So an important question arises about the approach of the last legal systems; in such legal systems, what criteria can be used to guide the judges to determine the grounds of exclusive jurisdiction? This article examines the approach of some legal systems and evaluates some suggested criteria. Finally, the article demonstrates that in the absence of the international uniform concept of exclusive jurisdiction, the judges have to determine the exclusive jurisdiction on a case-by-case basis. They also have to consider the state sovereignty, the subject matter of the dispute, the disputing parties, and the purpose of the lawmaker in providing a particular jurisdiction rule.
laya joneydi; Ayyoub Mansouri Razi
Abstract
Abstract:Usage of Multi-tiered dispute resolutions clauses in commercial contracts , in particular long-term contracts is very common. Theses clauses comprise different stages of ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) with Arbitration or litigation. Agreement or decision made in these pre-arbitral or pre-litigation ...
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Abstract:Usage of Multi-tiered dispute resolutions clauses in commercial contracts , in particular long-term contracts is very common. Theses clauses comprise different stages of ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) with Arbitration or litigation. Agreement or decision made in these pre-arbitral or pre-litigation stages such as the mediator`s opinion are not binding upon the parties. So the issue is if it is mandatory for parties to follow all steps contemplated in these clauses or not? And what makes these pre-arbitral or pre-litigation steps binding? In this article different relevant opinions will be illustrated. Through comparative studying the case law of ICC, English courts and other countries requirements for pre-arbitral or pre-litigation steps will be illustrated. It is concluded that parties agreement has a binding nature and arrangement must be followed as provided in these clauses and requirements that make different tiers of these clauses as enforceable are clarified. Findings show that if relevant requirements including Usage of binding words,exact drawing of each step and parties` good faith are met, judicial and arbitral authorities take agreed steps in these clauses as binding. In authors` opinions this practice which is in consistent with the principle of freedom of Contracts is correct.
Hashem Farhadi; Ahma Shams
Abstract
Achieving a fair trial and ensuring justice in the trial is initially subject to identifying the principles governing the trial and adapting it to the principles and rules of the national and transnational legal system and adapting it to the circumstances prevailing in each judicial authority. As a quasi-judicial ...
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Achieving a fair trial and ensuring justice in the trial is initially subject to identifying the principles governing the trial and adapting it to the principles and rules of the national and transnational legal system and adapting it to the circumstances prevailing in each judicial authority. As a quasi-judicial authority with a conciliatory approach and compromise, on the one hand, the deliberations of the council in accordance with the laws and regulations are not subject to the procedures and principles of the trial, and on the other hand, the deliberations of the council in terms of principles and rules are subject to the rules of civil and criminal procedure. Due to the absence of the judge in the council meeting, this issue causes inconsistencies and conflicts in the issuance of the verdict. Sub-vote is the result of the review process and in practice the council judge does not play a key role in it. Therefore, in order to comply with the rules and principles of procedure, it is necessary to separate the issues raised in the council in terms of compromise and compensation from the beginning. Compromise issues without observing the court proceedings by the members of the council and dispute issues with the presence of the council judge in the hearing in accordance with the principles of the court and the governing procedures to be considered in order to achieve a fair trial in practice in this judicial authority.Keywords: Judicial Authority, Dispute Resolution Council, Fair Trial
vahid bazzar
Abstract
The unmeritorious claims, which in addition to wasting time and money, delaying reparation, is one of the challenges that arbitration tribunals have always faced. For the first time, rule 41 (5) of the ICSID arbitration rules in 2006 made it possible to, at the request of parties to the dispute, the ...
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The unmeritorious claims, which in addition to wasting time and money, delaying reparation, is one of the challenges that arbitration tribunals have always faced. For the first time, rule 41 (5) of the ICSID arbitration rules in 2006 made it possible to, at the request of parties to the dispute, the arbitral tribunal dismisses a claim is manifestly without legal merit before the start of the proceedings. The mechanism, which has since been accepted in some arbitration rules and some investment arbitration awards, has specific features, requirements, and legal consequences. Thus, the request, which may be related to jurisdictional or substantive nature, must be filed within a short time after filing the application and the reasons must also be given. Also, this proceeding is urgent and the arbitral tribunal must decide after hearing the parties of the dispute's arguments and defenses. This mechanism is very important, as the decision of the tribunal in acceptance of the request is subject to res judicata. This mechanism is very important, as the decision of the tribunal in acceptance of the request is subject to res judicata.
Babak Sheed
Abstract
As the judicial procedure ensures proper and lawful implementation of the law and statuary regulations, arbitration agreement is made for being sure of good performance of the contractual obligations. It is not exaggerate if assert that the parties may conclude the main contract based on its arbitration ...
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As the judicial procedure ensures proper and lawful implementation of the law and statuary regulations, arbitration agreement is made for being sure of good performance of the contractual obligations. It is not exaggerate if assert that the parties may conclude the main contract based on its arbitration clause. So, it is expected that the arbitration agreement or clause has a firmer position than a revocable contract to have a proper function with the wills of the parties. In legal writings and lawyer’s views there is no definitive opinion as to whether or not an arbitration agreement or cause is revocable or Irrevocable, in addition article 481(1) of civil procedure law states that written agreement between the parties is necessary to decline the arbitration agreement which it associates irreconcilability of the arbitration agreement but in article 481(2) has considers death as a cause of declining the arbitration agreement. Researchers have neglected on literal and historical interpretation of the regulations on arbitration. In this research has been attempted through the aforementioned approach means literal and historical interpretation, stabilize inefficacy of each party’s death on arbitration.
Private Law
Nahid Safari
Abstract
Vegetative State is a type of brain damage that despite the death of the brain hemispheres, the brain stem continues to work. In this situation, the patient has no mental and cognitive function and is not able to consciously communicate with the environment. Due to the lack of relevant laws in this area ...
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Vegetative State is a type of brain damage that despite the death of the brain hemispheres, the brain stem continues to work. In this situation, the patient has no mental and cognitive function and is not able to consciously communicate with the environment. Due to the lack of relevant laws in this area in most legal systems, the legal aspects of this situation have not been adequately explained. The issue of the life or death of these patients is one of the important issues for explaining the legal status of patients in a vegetative state. In this study, according to the religious and jurisprudential concept of death according to the sanctity of the right to life and with the similarity with the regulations governing the incapacity, the view of being alive has been accepted and according to this view and with a comparative approach, the legal effects of vegetative state has been analyzed. The selection of a guardian and trustee and the transfer of financial affairs to them, the possibility of seeking divorce due to circumstances created by the spouse in a vegetative state, and the termination of personal contracts are the most important legal effects that have been accepted in this study
Roohollah Rahami; Hamid Heidaree
Abstract
Commercialization of space is happening much faster than expected. However, in space law, due to the share of the five treaties at the time of their conclusion and ratification, less attention has been paid to the commercial dimensions of space, so the logic of international relations requires that space ...
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Commercialization of space is happening much faster than expected. However, in space law, due to the share of the five treaties at the time of their conclusion and ratification, less attention has been paid to the commercial dimensions of space, so the logic of international relations requires that space regulations be developed in proportion to this growing trend. The non-conformity of regulations with the development of business activities poses challenges to the international community in adopting binding laws, which has led countries to regulate this area to meet the needs of domestic business actors. The development of commercial uses of space such as space tourism, space transportation, natural resource exploitation, the need for rules, updating and transparency of regulations, especially in areas such as property ownership (both real and intellectual), financing of space assets, and space mining is essential. The present article, while enumerating the basic needs and strategies in this field along with soft laws and the actions of various space law actors as one of the practical ways of regulating space activities, explains the existing regulations such as the space protocol to the Cape Town Convention on investment in the space industry.
zahra Shakeri; Soheila Nurali
Abstract
The total appearance of a website or a software, referred to as the “look and feel,” serves as one of the most significant and effective ways that a company can quickly and directly introduce itself to the consumers and public. That's why many traders try to design a distinct and unique look ...
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The total appearance of a website or a software, referred to as the “look and feel,” serves as one of the most significant and effective ways that a company can quickly and directly introduce itself to the consumers and public. That's why many traders try to design a distinct and unique look and feel for their website or software by spending a lot of time and money. However, unauthorized copying and use and imitation of look and feel by competitors is a serious and important risk that always threatens businesses and startups, and as a result legal protection is needed. Look and feel is among the things that is protected through the various branches of intellectual property rights. With regards to the lack of research in this field, the article attempts to answer this question that which branch of intellectual property rights can better protect and support the look and feel of websites and softwares? Ultimately this article with analytical-descriptive approach concludes that trade dress system as a kind of trademark provides more complete and worthy protection of this subject.
Abbas Mansouri; Eisa Amini
Abstract
Article 489 of the Iranian Civil Procedure (ICP) provides that an arbitration award in conflict with constitutive laws will be null and void and unenforceable; however, neither the ICP nor any other act established the concept and the instances of such laws and the scope of judicial review or supervision ...
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Article 489 of the Iranian Civil Procedure (ICP) provides that an arbitration award in conflict with constitutive laws will be null and void and unenforceable; however, neither the ICP nor any other act established the concept and the instances of such laws and the scope of judicial review or supervision over their enforcement. Under these circumstances, the best approach to identify constitutive laws is through a case-by-case approach. A justice should examine what law has been violated by an arbitrator and whether or not this law, based on the governing situations, directly or indirectly results in limiting or extinguishing a right. A court’s review of this matter may take place upon service or enforcement of or appeal to an arbitration award. The review is only a brief one over the first two stages but takes a more complete form over the third stage. However, even in this third stage, the court may not intervene into questions of fact addressed by the arbitrator, except for special cases.
