Private Law
Reza Shokoohizadeh; Hani Hajian
Abstract
By holding a definitive judgment, normally the trial transfers from one phase of proceedings to the next one. For example, in the case of holding the judgment of non-acceptance of action or the judgment in the merit of the case by the court of first instance, the case enters in new phase by appeal of ...
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By holding a definitive judgment, normally the trial transfers from one phase of proceedings to the next one. For example, in the case of holding the judgment of non-acceptance of action or the judgment in the merit of the case by the court of first instance, the case enters in new phase by appeal of condemned party. In these cases, the trial transfers from one phase into another one according to evaluative effect of appeal. But holding the definitive judgment does not necessarily result in transferring the trial from one phase to another one. For example, in cases where the court of first instance’s injunction, would be invalidated by the court of appeal and consequently the case return to court of first instance, it could be recognized that the holding of the definitive judgment, by the court of first instance could not result in termination of one phase of trial and opening of a new one. Consequently, the trial which is pursued after reversal of any form of injunctions is regarded as continuation of former trial. It is noteworthy that pronouncing a judgment in merit of a case doesn't necessarily results in transfer of trial from one phase to another one. In fact, by reversal of a judgment by higher courts, it reveals that trial of inferior court had not been finished and it must be continued. Controversies arise between Iranian lawyers in respect of regarding rehearing as a new phase of trial or continuity of former trial. There are many evidences that confirm latter theory, including automatic reversal of contested award after rehearing of absent party or necessity of protection of procedural rights of parties in the first session of trial. For practical reasons, the second section of this article is dedicated to effects of continuity of trial on responsibilities of courts and rights and obligations of parties. In respect of first title, one of the responsibilities of courts is observation of reasonable deadline of trial. In this regard, if trial of first instance and rehearing proceedings is considered as a unique trial, the whole time of trial would be considered as criterion of recognition of reasonable deadline by the court. Accordingly, competence of court is affected by continuity of trial. In accordance with Art. 26 of Iranian Civil Procedure Code, the competence of court is evaluated in time of statement of petition. Consequently, in case of reversal of injunction of court of first instance by the appeal court, the competence of former court is measured by time of petition, not reversal of judgment or return of petition. Similarly, the impeachment of the judge may be affected by the continuity of trial. One of the main reasons of impeachment of judge in Iranian Law is former pronouncing on the merit of the case by the judge (Art. 91 Iranian Civil Procedure Code). Consequently, if we consider the retrial of the inferior court, after the reversal of the injunction by the higher jurisdictions, a new trial, the former proceeding may impede the judge from later hearing of the case. The continuity of proceeding affects the responsibility of court to form new session and to pronounce new judgment on the matter. If we consider rehearing as a new phase of trial, the judge must pronounce a new judgment and could not only uphold the former judgment. Additionally, the rights and responsibilities of parties may be affected by continuity of proceedings. In cases where the statement of petition is limited to a deadline, the continuity of proceeding affects the validity of petition. If we consider the trial of inferior court, after reversal of its judgment by higher court, as a new trial, the time of statement of new petition may consider as the criterion of acceptance of petition. The continuity of proceedings affects mainly the rights and obligations of parties in the first session of proceedings. In the case of continuity of an unique trial, reopening of a case in the same court, don't result in revitalizing the rights and obligations of the parties in the first session of the trial, because of fact that first session had been formed before the reversal of judgment. In contrary, reopening of a case in same court, in different phases does cause the revitalizing the rights and obligations of the parties in the first session of this trial.
Nahid Javanmoradi
Abstract
In most legal systems, there is no legal sanctions regarding natural obligations. Implementation of this commitment depends on the will of debtor and only in this case it is irretrievable. Voluntary execution (Payment) of a natural obligation (also called an imperfect obligation), regardless of its bases ...
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In most legal systems, there is no legal sanctions regarding natural obligations. Implementation of this commitment depends on the will of debtor and only in this case it is irretrievable. Voluntary execution (Payment) of a natural obligation (also called an imperfect obligation), regardless of its bases which can be an aborted or a pure moral duty is, in most legal systems, considered as a valid legal act in regard of the civil creditors, and not an undue payment or an unjustified enrichment. Therefore, it cannot be restitute except if it is done involuntary or fraudulently to the prejudice of the civil creditors. As the payment of a natural debt is totally depended to debtor’s decision, its legal nature is supposed to be a unilateral legal act, and not an agreement. The French case law regarding natural obligations is contradictory but in Iran’s legal system the execution of natural obligation is valid provided that there is no malice and intent to prejudice the civil creditors.
Private Law
seyyed Mohammad Sadegh Tabatabaei; Mohammad Amini; mahmoud rastegari
Abstract
If the guarantee contract is separated in a general division into the guarantee of transfer of Dhimmah and the guarantee as a tool to give credit to the obligee, the guarantee which is customary in commercial documents is the second part of the above division. The holder of the commercial document wants ...
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If the guarantee contract is separated in a general division into the guarantee of transfer of Dhimmah and the guarantee as a tool to give credit to the obligee, the guarantee which is customary in commercial documents is the second part of the above division. The holder of the commercial document wants to introduce a guarantor while remaining the obligation and responsibility of the person who is the guarantor, in order to increase the strength and validity of the document and to raise his collective conscience in paying the amount of the commercial document. Therefore, the main question of the current research is that in the guarantee of commercial documents, is it engaged in the Dhimmah or responsibility? What effects will this detail have on the extent of the owner's rights? After researching and studying the works of jurists and jurists, and using a descriptive-analytical method, the authors came to the conclusion that in the guarantee of commercial documents, unlike the civil guarantee, the obligation to pay the amount of the document is placed on the guarantor, and such a view is also based on It increases the credibility of the commercial document and affects the rights of the holder.According to the nature of the issue of guarantee in commercial documents, i.e. the substitution of responsibility for the Dhimmah, after the occurrence of the guarantee, the guarantor is independently responsible for paying the amount to the holder of the commercial document without his obligation being subordinate to the Dhimmah of the main debtor.After the conclusion of the guarantee in the commercial document, if it is determined that the obligation of the main debtor was invalid during the issuance or transfer of the commercial document due to reasons such as forgery of the signature or lack of capacity, and for this reason, the debtor on the date of the document, because of the forgery his signature or lack of legal capacity, raises objections and refuses to pay, it must be said that regarding fake signature and lack of legal capacity, there is no discussion about the obligations of the holder; Rather, the discussion is about the commitment itself, because the commitment is the guarantor of an independent commitment. The subordination of guarantor's guarantee in commercial documents is not related to the principle of the obligation itself and it is related to the duties and legal conditions of the demand, which if the holder of the commercial document does not comply with the formalities of the demand for the document's payment within the specified period, he cannot, in terms of the commercial document, refer to the guarantor, but the fault of the holder has nothing to do with the independence of the guarantor's obligation in front of the principal debtor. In fact, in this research, guarantee is in a sense other than the concept of transfer and attachment. Because in the two concepts of transferring or attachment, the subject of the guarantee is the Dhimmah and a function of the debtor's Dhimmah, but in the guarantee of commercial documents, what is important is the independence of the guarantor's responsibility in dealing with the holder of the commercial document.The limits of the guarantor's responsibility (which include: the guarantor's relationship with the debtor; the relationship of multiple guarantors with the debtor; the relationship between multiple guarantors; Condition of mortgaged property; Collapse of debt obligation; Invalidation of debtor's obligation; Death of guarantor in relation to holder), the scope of the obligations of the officials of the commercial document towards the guarantor, the scope of the law (Statute) governing commercial documents, and the scope of defenses that cannot be cited against the guarantor (which in part consists of (1) irrefutable objections related to the will, which include the objection of forging the debtor's signature; Debtor's lack of legal capacity; forgery in the document after the signature of the debtor and guarantor; The problem of signing the document by the debtor's representative lacks authority, and in another part, it consists of (2) objections that cannot be relied on other than the will, that is, the guarantor's substitution of the debtor, as well as compliance with the deadlines for protesting and filing a lawsuit) will be the influencing factors in this connection
Ali Rezaee
Abstract
In the event of disputes between members of the World Trade Organization, the claimant member, based on Understanding on Rules and Procedures governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU), should request Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) to make the respondent comply with rules and regulation. If the DSB decided ...
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In the event of disputes between members of the World Trade Organization, the claimant member, based on Understanding on Rules and Procedures governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU), should request Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) to make the respondent comply with rules and regulation. If the DSB decided that the breach of the rules has occurred, the breaching party must implement the DSB’s recommendations and decisions by promptly bringing its measures into conformity with the covered agreements. If prompt compliance is impracticable, it shall do so within a ‘reasonable period of time’. The DSU does not adopt criteria for determining the reasonable period and indeed, the ambiguous language of the DSU has led to confusion and conflicting decisions. Therefore, this article aims to examine how to determine this period by presenting a criterion that could help arbitrators decide. Due to numerous shortcomings in current rules and regulation, this article, first, illustrates problems raised and then consider proposals for the amendment.
Seyed Morteza Qasemzadeh; Mohammad Ghorbani Jouybari
Abstract
Based on Articles 232 and 246 of Iranian Civil Code, issues relating to contract terms and conditions in the Code are provided in accordance with dependent terms. Based on the famous theory, in the event of void contract, its contract terms are also void, since the creation and validity of contract terms ...
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Based on Articles 232 and 246 of Iranian Civil Code, issues relating to contract terms and conditions in the Code are provided in accordance with dependent terms. Based on the famous theory, in the event of void contract, its contract terms are also void, since the creation and validity of contract terms depend on the underlying contract. While separating contract terms into independent and dependent terms shows the consistency of the famous theory with dependent terms, it is possible to consider different rules and legal consequences for independent terms due to its nature, even if the contract is regarded as a void contract. In other words, there are cases in which the underlying contract is void, but its independent term(s) is valid and enforceable. This approach accords with the class file 9109981810200850, confirming the initial judgment, and it was accepted by the Supreme Court based on the Principle of 161 of the Constitution. This issue is analysed in this article.
Amir Sadeghi Neshat
Volume 3, Issue 8 , April 2015, , Pages 46-61
Abstract
The validity of electronic evidence is recognized by Electronic Commerce Act (1382) and Electronic Crimes Act (1389), and hence, there is no problem to rely on it. Having said that, it is important to examine this issue by considering the followings: First, to illustrate its evidentiary nature as a document. ...
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The validity of electronic evidence is recognized by Electronic Commerce Act (1382) and Electronic Crimes Act (1389), and hence, there is no problem to rely on it. Having said that, it is important to examine this issue by considering the followings: First, to illustrate its evidentiary nature as a document. Second, to discuss relevant provisions of the Acts and existing shortcomings. Third, to address problems of quality of the current technology for the purpose of meeting legal standards in relation to the originality of evidence against its copy. This article deals with the above-mentioned issues and proposes some suggestions for reforming the Electronic Commerce Act.
Mohammad Hadi Daraei
Abstract
The new Islamic Penal Code of 1392, on the one hand delimitate the liability of physicians, but on the other hand, it contains new provisions for protecting patients.The new Code sets aside liability based on the theory of lack of fault of physicians, which is the common word of Imamiyeh jurists and ...
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The new Islamic Penal Code of 1392, on the one hand delimitate the liability of physicians, but on the other hand, it contains new provisions for protecting patients.The new Code sets aside liability based on the theory of lack of fault of physicians, which is the common word of Imamiyeh jurists and was adopted in the 1370 Code. Instead, the new Code adopts the theory of presumed liability. In addition, to give more protection to physicians, obtaining patient`s consent exempts physicians from liability. Moreover, the new Code indicates that if patient or nurse is aware of the error of medical order, physicians have no liability. A further change is the affirmation of bona fide as a means of discharge of civil liability. As it was stated, the new Code has provisions in order to protect patients. Also, it gradate physicians and make them updated in accordance with the latest developments of medical sciences. Hence, it is provided that any scientific or practical fault or default(neglect) of physician, make him liable. This means that the ignorance of medical science and new methods of treatments is regarded as a cause of civil liability. It seems that this regulation is the turning point in the Panel Code to protect the patients, although this evolution should have been clearer.
shirin sharifzadeh
Abstract
Abstract:International conventions and provisions in the context of literary and artistic works law can legislate direct and indirect criteria for protection.These criteria that have been founded in the traditional definitions and categorizations of art,can not contemplate a vast area of the contemporary ...
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Abstract:International conventions and provisions in the context of literary and artistic works law can legislate direct and indirect criteria for protection.These criteria that have been founded in the traditional definitions and categorizations of art,can not contemplate a vast area of the contemporary arts.What we know as contemporary art today has a set of unique features that do not follow the traditional artistic framework and rules.The contradicting features of this form of art lead it to a form of pluralism.some artwork like events are self-demolishing or contain a deteriorating element.The necessity of originality,idea/expression dichotomy and fixation of literal and artistic work in materialistic mediums are challenged in many forms of contemporary art,and in some cases,the art piece never finds a materialistic form.Due to the extent of the concept of art in the modern world.This article tries to investigate how international laws could protect artwork and find out how much current literal and artistic laws can support them.
Nahid Javanmoradi; Vahid Nazari
Abstract
In accordance with the Law on Protection of Rights of Authors,Composers and artists, Act of 1348, protection of literary and artisticWork and identification of author ownership right, starts after publishing.From this time onward these rights can be transferred through successionor testament. However, ...
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In accordance with the Law on Protection of Rights of Authors,Composers and artists, Act of 1348, protection of literary and artisticWork and identification of author ownership right, starts after publishing.From this time onward these rights can be transferred through successionor testament. However, Article 65 of the Civil Law Enforcement, Act of1365; allow the successors of the author to publish the unpublished workof their testator after his death and benefit the 50 years support. In otherwords, a literary and artistic work can create two materials right: One,after publishing till the author’s death, which is profitable for thesuccessors until 50 years after his death, the other is the right providedafter publishing the work by the successors and after author’s death. Thiscreates an unreasonable result, First, ''unpublished (by the Author) workscan be protected by law (whit publishing by the successors)'', and second,"The decision to publish the work, one of the moral rights, can also beinherited''!
mohammadreza pirhadi; Vahid Nazari
Abstract
In civil law, option is one of the issues related to and discussed in deals and contracts. This means that Article 456 of the Civil Code provides that:» All types of options may be available in all transactions unless option of contract-meeting and animal and delayed payment of the price, which ...
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In civil law, option is one of the issues related to and discussed in deals and contracts. This means that Article 456 of the Civil Code provides that:» All types of options may be available in all transactions unless option of contract-meeting and animal and delayed payment of the price, which is for sale«, therefore that law has specified the option for transaction. In jurisprudence and law, the vast majority of writers, do not approve the option of termination in unilateral legal act, because in the unilateral legal act without option to termination, termination is illegitimacy, As well as the destruction is not entitled to terminate and some also claim consensus in this regard. However reasonably, there is no conflict with the option of termination and the nature of unilateral legal act. Therefore this is paper explains possibility or impossibility of option of condition in a unilateral legal act according to law and lawyers and jurists opinions; and consider possible and correct and valid the option of condition by ruling out other causes of its nullity.
Habibollah Rahimi; Fatemeh Torof
Abstract
Since 1971, and concurrent with the dissemination of John Rawls’s theory of justice, his views on the concept of justice and its execution in the society has been at the forefront of the recent theories in the twentieth century. In the second principle of this theory (called the principle of difference) ...
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Since 1971, and concurrent with the dissemination of John Rawls’s theory of justice, his views on the concept of justice and its execution in the society has been at the forefront of the recent theories in the twentieth century. In the second principle of this theory (called the principle of difference) Rawls focuses on substances such as distributive and redistributive justice, material justice, inequality in favor of the poors and vulnerable deciles and ensuring welfare for all. As we do not expect law and specially the branch of civil responsibility to be indifferent to new approaches toward justice, this essay tries to analyze the first article of the Iranian civil responsibility Act in the context of Rawls’s theory.It is assumed that this article plays an important role in the legal system in this country. From the authors point of view the discussed article contains some characteristics like following legal formalism, centralization on formal justice (vs. material justice) and tendency to execute corrective justice (vs. distributive or redistributive justice). These features lead to obvious differences with Rawls’s considered approach about justice and equity.
Abbas Ehzari; Mahmood Bagheri
Abstract
Un-organized capital market has existed for a long time; however, the Organized market has emerged in recent centuries. There are a lot of discussions about the extent of monitoring and control over the Un-organized capital market, particularly the market in which investors are referring to the public. ...
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Un-organized capital market has existed for a long time; however, the Organized market has emerged in recent centuries. There are a lot of discussions about the extent of monitoring and control over the Un-organized capital market, particularly the market in which investors are referring to the public. In this research, we seek to explain the concept of un-organized capital market by identifying the features of its distinction with its corresponding entity (i.e. un-organized money market). Therefore, by conducting a comparative study under the U.S. law and the comprehensive examination of the un-organized capital market’s situation in Iran, it was found that in a general sense, over the counter market is consistent with un-organized capital market, and that there have been major changes to rules and regulation in this area. Iran Fara Bourse has been established on the basis of High Council and Securities and Exchange Organization’s license as the sole over the counter in Iran, but the organized structure of this company and procedure of its transactions, which is very similar to stock exchange, have particularly led to distinguishing the Fara Bourse from the concept of OTC. This has caused the regulation of the unorganized capital market to encounter many problems.
Bizhan haji azizi; shahrzad ghafghazi alasl
Abstract
Nowadays,one of the new methods for treatment of infertility from legal and medical perspectives is surrogacy, which has been considered more than forms of assistive reproductive. This method makes fertility possible for women who don’t have a normal pregnancy for whatever reason and give this ...
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Nowadays,one of the new methods for treatment of infertility from legal and medical perspectives is surrogacy, which has been considered more than forms of assistive reproductive. This method makes fertility possible for women who don’t have a normal pregnancy for whatever reason and give this chance to them to do it by surrogacy. One of the issues raised in this regard is parentage and the main question is who the child’s parents are? Intended parents or surrogate? According to Iranian law, the child belongs to owners of sperm and eggs. In the U.S. there are, however, different laws from one state to another. Some states consider the issue only on the basis of benefit and best interests of child. However, others believe that the child belongs to surrogate, and some other countries propose a solution by obtaining a pre-birth parentage order, which regards the child as belongs to intended parents
Abstract
Government in serving and perform their duties compelled of consolation contract, in this contract simple all of them, the public Accuracy is necessity. In addition this terms, article 79 of calculation law, need the terms of tender and Auction in governments contracts. In first of formality until signature ...
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Government in serving and perform their duties compelled of consolation contract, in this contract simple all of them, the public Accuracy is necessity. In addition this terms, article 79 of calculation law, need the terms of tender and Auction in governments contracts. In first of formality until signature contract, three stage be traversed, publication notice tender and auction, suggestion price of parties, and in the final signature the contract. Multiplicity of this stages cause that difference among juristic what the offers and what the accept, and when the contract is calculation. For removal this difference, determination offers in government contract is necessity. In this article next of definition offer with expression that trait in law and jurisprudence of Iran, study the offer in government contracts, with accuracy in expression mentioned and with law and jurisprudence that subject, it seem signature is consolation contract. offer, terms consolation offer, notice tender and auction, suggestion price, signature government contract. offer, terms consolation offer, notice tender and auction, suggestion price, signature government contract offer, terms consolation offer, notice tender and auction, suggestion price, signature government contract
Faysal Ameri; Mohammad Reza Shirmardi Dezki
Volume 2, Issue 6 , February 2015, , Pages 63-108
Abstract
AbstractThe main purpose of this Article is to examine the new concession agreements, and to compare relevant modifications and changes with the traditional concessions, they have undergone. To this end three subjects are examined: The ownership of the oil, governmental control and management of the ...
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AbstractThe main purpose of this Article is to examine the new concession agreements, and to compare relevant modifications and changes with the traditional concessions, they have undergone. To this end three subjects are examined: The ownership of the oil, governmental control and management of the oil production and the fiscal regime of the agreements in question.In an attempt to deal with the first issue, the study has differentiated between two situations: A situation where the oil is still in place and has not yet been exploited. In this case, as is with other new oil contracts, under the new concessions the government still owns the oil. The other situation is when the oil is produced and is technically speaking at the wellhead, in which point the concessionaire acquires the ownership of the produced oil; while the host government retains ownership of resources that remains in the subsoil. This salient feature of the concessions (both the new and the traditional ones) makes it distinguishable from other petroleum contracts. For instance, in a production sharing agreement a percentage of the ownership of product is conveyed to the contractor at the exporting point, whereas, under a service contract, the contractor does not acquire any ownership rights over the oil production.With respect to governmental control and management, we have found that due to awareness of the host governments of the benefits of their natural resources, they were able to obtain the right of control and management of the exploration and exploitation of their resources , which found expression not only in the new concessions but also in such agreements as service and production sharing contracts. In practice, however, because of the paucity of the requisite skill and technology for exploration and exploitation operations, they have not been able to achieve such a purpose.As regards the question of the fiscal regime, where such matters as taxation, royalty and bonus were examined, we found that all changes made, were in favour of the host countries: except, however, where the risk of failure to explore successfully was very high; in which case more attractive and incentive rewards were granted to the concessionaire.
Habibollah Rahimi; Zohreh Karimi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 2013, , Pages 63-87
Abstract
Continuance and performance of a contract is important in Iranian law, and legislator in Iran has emphasized on it in several cases. Though complete performance is the aim of concluding a contract, when for any reasons it is not possible and some part of conclusion is not performed, the necessity of ...
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Continuance and performance of a contract is important in Iranian law, and legislator in Iran has emphasized on it in several cases. Though complete performance is the aim of concluding a contract, when for any reasons it is not possible and some part of conclusion is not performed, the necessity of severance of a contract come into existence. The principle of severability of contracts prevents termination of a contract as a whole, in the case of partial breach or non-performance. Thus whenan abstraction is occurred on the way of complete performance, partial performance of a contract is better than termination of the contract as a whole. This rule is the result of the principle of severability of a contract and for non-severability there should be legal or contractual reasons
Mansour Amini; simin vahedi
Abstract
Limited liability of shareholders of corporations is the primary principle of corporate law in most countries. Limited liability is however subject of debates by law and economic scholars. The research method applied in this research is theoretical analysis and the research approach is non-normative ...
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Limited liability of shareholders of corporations is the primary principle of corporate law in most countries. Limited liability is however subject of debates by law and economic scholars. The research method applied in this research is theoretical analysis and the research approach is non-normative analyzing the possible solution without considering status que in search of most efficient solution. Limited liability is not efficient in terms of economic analysis of law, particularly in the context of company group, which is the main actor of the today’s world. The externalities created by abuse of company form exceed its benefits. Common law doctrine of veil piercing sets aside the veil of corporation and holding shareholders personally liable for company debts in case of abuses by shareholders or lack of observance of company formalities. This doctrine can modify the effect of the externalities and reduce moral hazard created by limitation of liability. Such theory or similar mechanisms, except with special regulations related to the tax and banking system, do not exist in Iran legal system. Therefore legislation in this regard is recommended.
NAHID safari; Bizhan Haji Azizi
Abstract
Collective loss is defined as a loss in which it is not attributed to a specified person individually, but to the group of persons, so that nobody can treat himself as a main injured party. In Iranian legal system, although the collective loss is not recognized expressly in statute, but the civil liability ...
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Collective loss is defined as a loss in which it is not attributed to a specified person individually, but to the group of persons, so that nobody can treat himself as a main injured party. In Iranian legal system, although the collective loss is not recognized expressly in statute, but the civil liability rules prove that no loss can be left without compensation. Therefore, in collective loss, being an unlimited group should not destroy the right of claim and demanding damages of the injured parties. The necessity of attention to this loss is also emphasized in other legal systems. What makes the acceptance of this loss different is the determination of persons who have the right of the claim and demanding the compensation. There are different policies in the different legal systems, such as the acceptance of representative of some associations and the acceptance of claim by one of the injured parties. By conducting a comparative study under the legal systems of France, United States and Iran, this article will analyse the collective loss and different approaches recognised in different legal systems.
Taher Habibzadeh
Volume 2, Issue 5 , February 2014, , Pages 64-80
Abstract
AbstractNumerous legal issues have raised due to the development of moderntechnologies of communication. In the context of contracts, this phenomenonhad significant effects and caused the necessity of considering the application ofissues of contracts in the context of cyberspace. The law of agency is ...
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AbstractNumerous legal issues have raised due to the development of moderntechnologies of communication. In the context of contracts, this phenomenonhad significant effects and caused the necessity of considering the application ofissues of contracts in the context of cyberspace. The law of agency is one ofthese issues which its rules are going to be brought up in the context ofelectronic contracts through the present essay. The essay is also going toanalyze the legal role of artificial mind, called 'electronic agent', in the processof electronic contracts through interactive websites. It responds to this keyquestion that whether the electronic agent is a merely a tool of communicationbetween the parties or it has an independent legal personality, or its status issomething else in this process. In this regard, first, contract law in Iran,Electronic Commerce Act (1382) and various doctrines about the analyzing thelegal status of electronic agent are examined and criticized comparatively. Then,the Author’s opinion will be presented.
Mirghasem Jafarzadeh; Ebrahim Rahbari
Volume 1, Issue 1 , February 2013, , Pages 65-104
Abstract
Technology Licensing contract are agreements which pave the way
for transferring and diffusing of technology. These agreements usually
contain restrictive clauses which pose competitive concerns. These
restrictive clauses are divided into three categories, one of which is
hardcore or per se illegal ...
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Technology Licensing contract are agreements which pave the way
for transferring and diffusing of technology. These agreements usually
contain restrictive clauses which pose competitive concerns. These
restrictive clauses are divided into three categories, one of which is
hardcore or per se illegal ones. Having briefly considering the position
of these restrictive clauses within the other restrictive practices, this
article has mainly the intention to analyze the subject in the light of
American and EU laws as well as the international instruments. In
doing this job, this paper will also have special reference to the
experiences of some Asian countries which by adopting an efficient
competition policy have acquired substantial successes in this field.
Upon the results of this analysis, this article, showing the surprising
deficiencies and obscurities of the Iranian law and challenging its
competition policies, will try to provide appropriate guidance and
suggestions for legislative bodies, competition council and judicial
courts
Farhad Parvin; Vahideh Hosseini
Volume 1, Issue 3 , March 2013, , Pages 65-94
Abstract
According to Holy Quran sovereignty is for God (Verse 40, YousefSurah) and in principle no human enjoys dominance over the other.Nonetheless, according to Verse 34-Alnesa Surah of Quran and similarlyArticle 1105 of Iran’s Civil Law, directorship is for the husband in domesticrelations. However, ...
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According to Holy Quran sovereignty is for God (Verse 40, YousefSurah) and in principle no human enjoys dominance over the other.Nonetheless, according to Verse 34-Alnesa Surah of Quran and similarlyArticle 1105 of Iran’s Civil Law, directorship is for the husband in domesticrelations. However, this does not purport to unconditional predominance ofhusband over his wife and according to many Islamic jurists, the implicationof the Quran reading “Husband shall superintend the wife” may not betranslated as men's despotism, cruel it your injustice. Instead, the purpose isprescription of a unified regulated leadership with respect to [household]responsibilities and subject to consultation [with wife]» (Shirazi, Makaremand others, 2006, vol. 4, 471). Furthermore, under moral principles and asper the concrete rules of Islamic jurisprudence namely the rule of“Prohibition of Harm” stipulated in principle 40 of Iran’s constitution, “Noindividual may excersise his/her rights as a mean of damaging others”, all ofwhich imply that directorship and superintendence of a husband accountsprimarily and in essence as a “duty” and not merely a sole priviledge. It isonly then we may consider such privilege for the husband to enjoyauthorities required to carry out duties arising out of his position.Directorship of husband does not account for devaluation of wive’s humandignity or husband's primacy or superiority over his wife. For taking up suchposition husband shall need to have competence based on which he finds arestricted capacity to perform meaning that his authorities are bound tolimits
Pejman Mohammadi; Amir Moradpourshad; Hojjat mobayen
Abstract
Criminal Procedure Code adopted in 2014 has affected the scope of moral damages and loss of profit from some perspectives. On the one hand, the extent of civil liability for any moral damages to injured party has increased. According to article 14 of the Code, the harm in both forms of loss of reputation ...
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Criminal Procedure Code adopted in 2014 has affected the scope of moral damages and loss of profit from some perspectives. On the one hand, the extent of civil liability for any moral damages to injured party has increased. According to article 14 of the Code, the harm in both forms of loss of reputation and mental distress leads to the civil liability of injurer. On the other hand, the scope of recoverable moral damages and loss of profits, that is, the scope of civil liability of the persons has been sharply reduced. In cases where blood money is paid and the Islamic punishment is imposed, these two types of damage cannot be compensated. In this regard, the legislator has stopped up even further by stating that this type of damage is compensable when the loss of profit compensation can be equal to the destruction. Finally, based on article 14 (1) Criminal Procedure Code, the scope of remedy for compensating moral damages has expanded. In other words, moral damages can be compensated through pecuniary and non-pecuniary way.
Zahra Mahmoodi Kordi; Mehdi Zahedi; Seyyedeh Atefeh Ghadirinezhad
Abstract
With expansion of transactional commercial arbitrations in the 20th century, the Theory of ‘Transactional Commercial Law’ presented by lawyers such as Gladman and Schmitthoff. This theory was based on the claim that there is a third Legal system along with public international law system ...
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With expansion of transactional commercial arbitrations in the 20th century, the Theory of ‘Transactional Commercial Law’ presented by lawyers such as Gladman and Schmitthoff. This theory was based on the claim that there is a third Legal system along with public international law system and national law system in order to adjust transnational commercial relations. There is no consensus in legal doctrine about the sense, nature and other issues about transnational commercial law and there are ambiguities in studying it. Considering the history of transnational commercial rules, some authors consider this new legal system equivalent to Lex Mercatoria whereas Lex Mercatoria has never had a fixed sense and has developed over time. This article is a desk research and descriptive-analytical research. It studies and assesses the evolution process of Lex Mercatoria and also clarifies the relationship between Lex Mercatoria and Transnational Commercial Law and finally, this study concludes that it is not possible to define pure Lex Mercatoria, i.e without specifying characteristic such as classical, modern, and post-modern, as the synonym of pure Transnational Commercial Law (including broadest sense and Proper sense).
Hamid Reza Oloumi Yazdi
Volume 2, Issue 4 , December 2013, , Pages 67-83
Abstract
AbstractThe Fifth Development Plan of I.R. of Iran in Article 107 authorizes theformation “contractual Joint Venture” on the contractual basis and within theknown concept of the civil partnership. Despite the contractual nature ofjoint venture,it has been treated as an incorporated venture ...
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AbstractThe Fifth Development Plan of I.R. of Iran in Article 107 authorizes theformation “contractual Joint Venture” on the contractual basis and within theknown concept of the civil partnership. Despite the contractual nature ofjoint venture,it has been treated as an incorporated venture by the legislator.This paper begins with looking at the existing laws and regulations regardingcontractual joint venture in Iran before the enactment of Fifth DevelopmentPlan, and then turns to Article 107 to examine its effects on them. This paperconcludes that formation of contractual joint venture and fundamental rulesfor its operation have already existed in Iran. However, Article 107 could notregulate or facilitate formation of contractual joint ventureefficiently. Itseems, in fulfillment of this article, a comprehensive bill should be preparedand presented to the legislator by the executive power.
Ghafour Khoeyni; Shahrzad Ounagh; Mahshid Jafari Harandi
Volume 3, Issue 10 , March 2015, , Pages 67-100
Abstract
In the late 1980s, imposing stringent environmental regulations in industrializedcountries increased the costs of eliminating hazardous waste, and thus its transportto the developing and Eastern European countries began. Following theenhancement of the amount of hazardous waste and relevant disasters ...
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In the late 1980s, imposing stringent environmental regulations in industrializedcountries increased the costs of eliminating hazardous waste, and thus its transportto the developing and Eastern European countries began. Following theenhancement of the amount of hazardous waste and relevant disasters in thesecountries, the export of such wastes was recognized as a serious business by theinternational community. Hence, in 1989, Basel Convention on the Control ofTransboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Principle Disposal wasprepared by the United Nations Environmental Program and adopted by differentcountries. Meanwhile, in1993, Iran became a member of the Conventionsubsequently referring the disposal of special waste overseas to its regulation inArticle 14 of the Law on Waste Management (2005). In relation to the damages oftransporting hazardous waste and its compensation, the Convention has designedan Additional Protocol; attached to the double standard of strict and fault-basedliabilities with limited financial strict liability. Basel Protocol has promoted theBasel Convention regime to ensure minimum compensation through compulsoryinsurance, supplemental financial compensation and time limits for claims.However, unlike other international conventions on hazardous waste, it hasassumed strict liability not to be undertaken by the carrier, but by the people via thetemporal distribution of responsibilities.
