International Law
Fereshteh Banafi
Abstract
Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer system to solve problems and perform tasks that would otherwise require human intelligence. Artificial intelligence technologies have evolved for decades. Today, many countries are going to develop artificial intelligence in their military programs. ...
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Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer system to solve problems and perform tasks that would otherwise require human intelligence. Artificial intelligence technologies have evolved for decades. Today, many countries are going to develop artificial intelligence in their military programs. Using artificial intelligence for the military purpose will cause many human rights challenges, especially in the area of privacy which is regarded as a fundamental right in a conflict. This privacy extends to cyberspace, to ensure informational privacy and protection of data. Therefore, this research descriptively analyzes the legal and political arrangements and gaps in international humanitarian law and international human rights to protect the privacy in military artificial intelligence between the parties in a conflict and concludes that despite the shortcomings of international humanitarian law and international human rights law, resisting national security to protect informational privacy and delegate the definition of international human rights frameworks in the field of artificial intelligence as part of the authority of private companies besides formal and informal legislation can fill gaps in the rules governing the use of artificial intelligence in a conflict.
It should be noted that in recent years, the human rights community has been busy with digital rights, and especially with the effects of artificial intelligence technology, and there has been increasing attention to the relationship between international human rights laws and standards governing military artificial intelligence.With regard to the use of artificial intelligence, one cannot ignore the danger of constant tension between the purpose and nature of artificial intelligence on the one hand and its use for ethical decision-making in military matters, even with the presence of human control. It should be noted that the advantages of using artificial intelligence in the military field have great potentialities, but it may also create several challenges. For example, Artificial Intelligent technologies can facilitate autonomous operations, lead to more informed military decision-making, and increase the speed and scale of military operations. However, it may be unpredictable or vulnerable in some ways. Therefore, in addition to the benefits of artificial intelligence in military industries and lowering the cost of the physical presence of the them, threats caused by the use of artificial intelligence, especially in fully autonomous weapons, and the violation of informational privacy and the establishment of a system of responsibility and accountability for filling legal loopholes caused by the use of artificial intelligence is very necessary.
In this regard, the first possible danger from a military environment under the supervision of artificial intelligence in case of the silence of humanitarian and international human rights rules, data contamination and as a result the loss of digital, physical, political and community security and the distortion of the fundamental right to human dignity. The competition of countries in the use of artificial intelligence to upset the balance of power in the world community has created an increasing concern about the fall of rights and ethics. In this regard, suggestions can be made to amend the rules of international human rights in order to regulate the regulations of military artificial intelligence during the conflict. First, it is a violation of national security for information privacy. The mere fact that a national action is taken to protect national security cannot be a document of violation of fundamental human rights laws by a country. Second, international human rights standards in the field of artificial intelligence should be included in the statutes of private companies. Empowering employees as part of the authority of companies is one of the things that can limit the use of artificial intelligence outside the framework of human rights. And, the promotion of the rules of international humanitarian law whether formally or informally.
Informal legislation includes common understandings based on non-binding resolutions and declarations, guidelines and regulations of uniform professional conduct, the practices of industries, domestic laws and policies, civil society reports and political policies, and international and transnational dialogues. Also, redefining and amending official human rights treaties by international institutions can cover digital rights under the rules of international human rights and humanitarian rights. Despite this, although data protection and information privacy regimes are not applicable due to the exclusion of national security of countries, but by establishing informal norms and legislation in international humanitarian law, it is possible to help include the ethics of artificial intelligence in the contemporary laws of war. It is a key factor in human control, which is necessary to comply with international humanitarian law and to satisfy ethical concerns, as a basis for internationally agreed limits on independence in weapons systems. This research has tried to provide a strategy upon which helping the international community to strengthen the rules of humanitarian law and international human rights against the threats caused by the use of artificial intelligence in the military context in the field of violation of the right to informational privacy and accountability of those who violates it.
Heshmatollah Shahbazi; Ebrahim Taghizaadeh; Morteza Shahbazinia
Abstract
The influence of human rights in private law or in other word constitutionalization of private law is relatively a new debate in legal reasoning that constitute the subject of this research. Applying human rights in private law depends on context, legislator and judge, and reasoning method. The reaction ...
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The influence of human rights in private law or in other word constitutionalization of private law is relatively a new debate in legal reasoning that constitute the subject of this research. Applying human rights in private law depends on context, legislator and judge, and reasoning method. The reaction of different legal systems in this matter is not the same. Direct application, indirect application, judicial application, and non-application is brief of these reactions. Legal system of Iran is capable for direct application of human rights in private law. Although the courts do not use this capacity. Due to distributive justice and for modification of freedom of contract principle, we can apply the human rights and fundamental rights capacity. The human dignity is the concept that enforceable in evaluation of contractual terms and unwaivable [S1] rights so that infringe of human right can be regarded as opposite of public policy. In this research the methods and contexts of constitutionalization of private law has been examined. [S1]این کلمه کلا در فرهنگ لغت وجود ندارد. اگر کلمه تخصصی است که حفظ شود و گرنه با معادلی بهتر جایگزین گردد.
