Ali Moghaddam Abrishami; Mazyar Aghasi Javid
Abstract
Laytime is the obligation of the ship's charterer to carry out loading / unloading operations within the stipulated time. Determining the exact point when laytime commences is determined by various factors and is important because exceeding laytime would result in the liability of charterer against shipowner ...
Read More
Laytime is the obligation of the ship's charterer to carry out loading / unloading operations within the stipulated time. Determining the exact point when laytime commences is determined by various factors and is important because exceeding laytime would result in the liability of charterer against shipowner and many cases has been formed on this issue in the Common law system. However, under Iranian law, the subject is not addressed and the lack of rules, reveals the need to study the matter. The present article seeks to extract the criteria of commencement of laytime by adopting an analytical and interpretive method and examining the existing judicial case law and arbitral awards under common law system, which is the main origin of shipping law and to study the most important issues around each criterion. The findings of the article, indicate that in general, under the common law legal system, three cumilitive conditions exist, which lead to commencement of laytime when all of the mentioned conditions are met. These three conditions are the presence of the ship at the intended contractual destination, readiness of the ship, and finally the issuance of Notice of Readiness (NOR).
Ali Moghaddam Abrishami; Khadijeh Jamalinia
Abstract
Numerous disputes have arisen from frauds and Errors in the process of documentary credit transactions. This issue has caused an obstacle in financing international trade law and Cash flow in banks. It also imposes a huge cost on the banks. International Chamber of Commerce has created a new payment ...
Read More
Numerous disputes have arisen from frauds and Errors in the process of documentary credit transactions. This issue has caused an obstacle in financing international trade law and Cash flow in banks. It also imposes a huge cost on the banks. International Chamber of Commerce has created a new payment Method, called Bank Payment Obligation (BPO), in order to address this problem. By introducing an electronic system through Bank Payment Obligation, International Chamber of Commerce has endeavoured to deal with ambiguous and uncovered areas of documentary credit. To assess whether this new method (BPO) would be able to offer a solution to the problem of fraud and Errors in documentary credit transactions, this article examines documentary credit by discussing relevant case law and by identifying the extent to which Bank Payment Obligation would respond to existing problems. It concludes that although Bank Payment Obligation has a number of similarities with Documentary Credit, its structure and nature in optimal conditions would be able, to a large extent to prevent fraud and Errors in international payment and reduce disputes in this field accordingly.
Ali Moghaddam Abrishami; Khadijeh Jamalinia
Abstract
In order to deal with existing problems in relation to documentary credit and electronic documentary credit, International of Chamber of Commerce (ICC), in cooperation with Swift and ISO, strived to adopt a new payment system, called: Bank Payment Obligation (BPO). The main part of the BPO relates to ...
Read More
In order to deal with existing problems in relation to documentary credit and electronic documentary credit, International of Chamber of Commerce (ICC), in cooperation with Swift and ISO, strived to adopt a new payment system, called: Bank Payment Obligation (BPO). The main part of the BPO relates to data presented electronically to the bank by the seller. The role of the bank is to transfer the data to Trade Matching Application (TMA) in order to comply with the terms of BPO and to clear the payment. The purpose of the BPO is to minimize the risks associated with traditional documentary credit system, and to reduce the time and cost for examining data and proceeding with the payment. By conducting a comparative assessment, this article aims to illustrate problems pertaining to documentary credit problems by examining the limitations of the documentary credit system, and to discuss whether the BPO could address these problems. Although it remains to be seen whether the BPO could be regarded as an appropriate system, it would seem that the BPO may not meet the needs of international trade.
Ali Moghaddam Abrishami; Masoud Mahboub
Abstract
Abstract The role of courts in international arbitration can scarcely be denied. Courts play a crucial role in different stages in international arbitration. Having said that, the extent of courts' intervention in international arbitration has been subject to controversy. National arbitration laws have ...
Read More
Abstract The role of courts in international arbitration can scarcely be denied. Courts play a crucial role in different stages in international arbitration. Having said that, the extent of courts' intervention in international arbitration has been subject to controversy. National arbitration laws have taken different views in this regard. In some countries, courts have a supportive role; however, others have interventionist approach. In Iran, a Comprehensive Draft Bill on Arbitration was recently adopted in order to be presented to the parliament for ratification. It applies to both domestic and international arbitration as a result of making a distinction between international and national arbitration. This article aims to conduct a critical assessment on the Draft Bill by considering modern arbitration rules. It concludes that the Draft Bill is based more on an interventionist approach than the supportive one. Keywords: International arbitration, Arbitration law, Iranian arbitration law, Role of court, Arbitration Draft Bill Keywords: International arbitration, Arbitration law, Iranian arbitration law, Role of court, Arbitration Draft Bill Keywords: International arbitration, Arbitration law, Iranian arbitration law, Role of court, Arbitration Draft Bill Keywords: International arbitration, Arbitration law, Iranian arbitration law, Role of court, Arbitration Draft Bill
Ali Moghadam Abrishami; hamed zamami
Abstract
Arbitration is the most common method for resolving international investment disputes. The significant development of transparency in investment arbitration has led this notion to play a crucial role in the field of third party participation. The issue of third party participation in international investment ...
Read More
Arbitration is the most common method for resolving international investment disputes. The significant development of transparency in investment arbitration has led this notion to play a crucial role in the field of third party participation. The issue of third party participation in international investment arbitration is subject to controversy and different interpretations. This is a controversial area among national arbitration laws. Rules of different arbitration institutions have also taken different views as to whether third party can participate in international arbitration. ICSID Arbitration Rules, as amended in 2006, and UNCITRAL Transparency Rules 2013 have considered new trends and perspectives in this regard. A number of ICSID tribunals have also adhered to this trend by considering a modern approach. This Article aims to examine these Rules and related case law in the light of third party participation and concludes that there is a tendency towards the recognition of third party participation in investor-State arbitration in order to meet jurisdictional objectives and to bring transparency.
Ali Moghaddam Abrishami; Masood Mahboob
Abstract
Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration has been a source ofinspiration for numerous countries. In choosing a legal structure, there isa strong tendency towards adopting a monist legal regime based on theModel Law. In Iran, as a result of the ratification of Iranian InternationalCommercial ...
Read More
Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration has been a source ofinspiration for numerous countries. In choosing a legal structure, there isa strong tendency towards adopting a monist legal regime based on theModel Law. In Iran, as a result of the ratification of Iranian InternationalCommercial Arbitration Act (ICAA) in 1997, Iranian arbitration law haschanged its structure from monism to dualism, that is, the Civil ProcedureCode is applicable to domestic arbitration, whereas ICAA applies tointernational arbitration. The duality of the system is not an appropriatelegal structure. This article argues that Iranian arbitration law should bebased on monism. It concludes that not only should Iranian arbitrationlaw be in consistent with the Model Law 2006, but it should also extendbeyond the Model Law by providing a more comprehensive legislation.
