NAHID safari; Bizhan Haji Azizi
Abstract
Collective loss is defined as a loss in which it is not attributed to a specified person individually, but to the group of persons, so that nobody can treat himself as a main injured party. In Iranian legal system, although the collective loss is not recognized expressly in statute, but the civil liability ...
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Collective loss is defined as a loss in which it is not attributed to a specified person individually, but to the group of persons, so that nobody can treat himself as a main injured party. In Iranian legal system, although the collective loss is not recognized expressly in statute, but the civil liability rules prove that no loss can be left without compensation. Therefore, in collective loss, being an unlimited group should not destroy the right of claim and demanding damages of the injured parties. The necessity of attention to this loss is also emphasized in other legal systems. What makes the acceptance of this loss different is the determination of persons who have the right of the claim and demanding the compensation. There are different policies in the different legal systems, such as the acceptance of representative of some associations and the acceptance of claim by one of the injured parties. By conducting a comparative study under the legal systems of France, United States and Iran, this article will analyse the collective loss and different approaches recognised in different legal systems.
Bizhan haji azizi; shahrzad ghafghazi alasl
Abstract
Nowadays,one of the new methods for treatment of infertility from legal and medical perspectives is surrogacy, which has been considered more than forms of assistive reproductive. This method makes fertility possible for women who don’t have a normal pregnancy for whatever reason and give this ...
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Nowadays,one of the new methods for treatment of infertility from legal and medical perspectives is surrogacy, which has been considered more than forms of assistive reproductive. This method makes fertility possible for women who don’t have a normal pregnancy for whatever reason and give this chance to them to do it by surrogacy. One of the issues raised in this regard is parentage and the main question is who the child’s parents are? Intended parents or surrogate? According to Iranian law, the child belongs to owners of sperm and eggs. In the U.S. there are, however, different laws from one state to another. Some states consider the issue only on the basis of benefit and best interests of child. However, others believe that the child belongs to surrogate, and some other countries propose a solution by obtaining a pre-birth parentage order, which regards the child as belongs to intended parents
Bizhan Haji Azizi; Shahrzad Ghafghazi ol asl
Volume 3, Issue 8 , April 2015, , Pages 121-136
Abstract
There are some cases in which spouses cannot give birth naturally and conception occurs by insemination of father’s sperm and mother’s egg in laboratory. If the insemination is done after the father’s death, the question is whether the baby, who has been born by inseminating, ...
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There are some cases in which spouses cannot give birth naturally and conception occurs by insemination of father’s sperm and mother’s egg in laboratory. If the insemination is done after the father’s death, the question is whether the baby, who has been born by inseminating, has the legitimate lineage and inherits from the dead father or not. This article shows that the legislator has accepted, in some provisions such as Article 875 of the Iranian Civil Code, condition subsequent to fetus inheriting, and has considered criteria for identifying the parentage creating a human from mother’s egg and father’s sperm. It is believed that if the fetus is born alive, he will inherit from his father. Thus, as far as law is concerned, the fetus will inherit from his dead father.
